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Reclaimed δ-MnO2 from exhausted Zn/C primary cells as active cathode in secondary Zn2+ ion batteries

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Abstract

This work presents the construction of a reversible zinc ion battery using components recovered from exhausted Zn/C primary cells. The reduced cathode material from the primary battery served as raw material to synthesize birnessite-type manganese oxide, which, when working as a cathode in conjunction with an aqueous electrolyte and a recovered zinc anode, exhibits a reversible capacity of 289 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1. This performance is similar to that observed for manganese oxide synthesized from potassium permanganate reagent (270 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1). The structural characterization shows that the material obtained from recycling activities changes its morphology and surface area due to the presence of sodium ions during the synthesis process, and these remain in their structure. These changes promote a 60% capacity lost after being cycled at different charges, compared to 26% of δ-MnO2 synthesized from permanganate reagent. The long-term stability test shows that both batteries can retain their capacity after 1000 discharge/charge cycles at a load of 1000 mA g−1. The results support the sustainability of using a primary cell residue to get an electric energy storage device again.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ignacio A. Rivero, E. A. Reynoso-Soto, S. Perez-Sicairos, and M. Eloisa Aparicio Ceja for the technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero, Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental, Carr. Fed. Iguala-Taxco Km 105 Puente Campuzano, 40321, Taxco de Alarcón, Gro., Mexico

    M. A. García-López

  2. Instituto Tecnologico de Tijuana, Blvd Alberto Limón Padilla s/n Col. Otay-Tecnologico, 22510, Tijuana, B.C, Mexico

    M. T. Oropeza-Guzmán

  3. CONACyT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Tijuana, Centro de graduados e Investigación en Química, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla s/n Col. Otay-Tecnológico, B.C., 22510, Tijuana, Mexico

    J. C. Calva-Yáñez

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  1. M. A. García-López
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García-López, M.A., Oropeza-Guzmán, M.T. & Calva-Yáñez, J.C. Reclaimed δ-MnO2 from exhausted Zn/C primary cells as active cathode in secondary Zn2+ ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 26, 2479–2489 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-022-05257-0

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