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Effects of four carboxyl-containing additives on imitation gold electroplating Cu-Zn-Sn alloys in an HEDP system

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Abstract

The requirements for using noncyanide imitation gold plating as decorative electroplating are increasing; thus, continuously improving the quality of the coating of the imitation gold plating and optimizing the coating process have become the current priority. In this experiment, hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP) was used as the main complexing agent; CuSO4·5H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, and NaSnO3·3H2O were the main salts; and NaOH and sodium carbonate were used as the buffers to prepare the electroplating solution. Using sodium citrate (SC), sodium potassium tartrate (SS), sodium gluconate (SG), and glycerol (Gl) as four additives, the effects of the number of carboxyl groups on the properties of a Cu-Zn-Sn alloy coating were compared. The electrochemical analysis showed that Cu-Zn-Sn alloy codeposition occurred at -0.50 Vvs.Hg|HgO. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the grain size of the coatings obtained with carboxyl-containing additives was more uniform than that obtained with the electroplating solution without additives. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) analysis revealed that the composition of the Cu-Zn-Sn alloy coating obtained by using SC as an additive in the electroplating solution was 89.75 wt% Cu, 9.61 wt% Zn, and 0.64 wt% Sn, and the color of the coating was golden yellow. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that the coating was a mixture of Cu, Cu5Zn8, CuSn, Cu6Sn5, and CuZn phases. The analysis of the electroplating solution by UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy methods indicates that the additives improve the coating by affecting the complexation reaction of metal ions. These results can provide technical guidance for developing Cu-Zn-Sn ternary alloy electrodeposition technology with the new cyanide-free HEDP alkaline electroplating system.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC51604180), Cultivate Scientific Research Excellence Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (CSREP2019KJ038), General Project of Shanxi Province Key R & D Plan (Social Development Field, 201903D321068), and Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (2019L0235).

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Author notes

  1. Chongyan Chen and Lifeng Ding contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People’s Republic of China

    Chongyan Chen, Lifeng Ding, Ruonan Wang & Jinxia Yuan

  2. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, 030008, People’s Republic of China

    Chongyan Chen, Lifeng Ding, Ruonan Wang, Jinxia Yuan, Qi Wang, Yanfeng Xue, Hongdao Li & Yulan Niu

  3. MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information and Computer & Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People’s Republic of China

    Qiang Li

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  1. Chongyan Chen
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Correspondence to Lifeng Ding or Qiang Li.

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Fig S1.

Effect of additives on the surface color of the coatings. BR: 0; SC: 10, 15, 22, 30, 35, and 40 g/L. SS: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, and 40 g/L. SG: 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 g/L. Gl: 5, 10, 13, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mL/L (DOCX 212 kb)

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Chen, C., Ding, L., Li, Q. et al. Effects of four carboxyl-containing additives on imitation gold electroplating Cu-Zn-Sn alloys in an HEDP system. J Solid State Electrochem 25, 1361–1371 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-04914-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-04914-0

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