Abstract
Archaea constitute a substantial fraction of marine microbial biomass and play critical roles in the biogeochemistry of oceans. However, studies on their distribution and ecology in the Arctic Ocean are relatively scarce. Here, we studied the distributions of archaea and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene in the western Arctic Ocean, using the amplicon sequencing approach from the sea surface to deep waters up to 3040 m depth. A total of five archaeal phyla, Nitrososphaerota, “Euryarchaeota”, “Halobacteriota,” “Nanoarchaeota”, and Candidatus Thermoplasmatota, were detected. We observed a clear, depth-dependent vertical segregation among archaeal communities. Ca. Thermoplasmatota (66.8%) was the most dominant phylum in the surface waters. At the same time, Nitrososphaerota (55.9%) was dominant in the deep waters. Most of the amoA gene OTUs (99%) belonged to the Nitrosopumilales and were further clustered into five subclades (“NP-Alpha”, “NP-Delta”, “NP-Epsilon”, “NP-Gamma”, and “NP-Theta”). “NP-Epsilon” was the most dominant clade throughout the water column and “NP_Alpha” showed higher abundance only in the deeper water. Salinity and inorganic nutrient concentrations were the major factors that determined the vertical segregation of archaea. We anticipate that the observed differences in the vertical distribution of archaea might contribute to the compartmentalization of dark carbon fixation and nitrification in deeper water and organic matter degradation in surface waters of the Arctic Ocean.
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Data availability
The data sets generated and/or analysed in the current study are available in the NCBI repository, BioProject number PRJNA770954. Submission information can be found at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra.
Code availability
Codes used in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to the Director, NCPOR, Ministry of Earth Sciences, for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out this research. This research was supported by Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology Promotion (KIMST) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (20210605, Korea-Arctic Ocean Warming and Response of Ecosystem, KOPRI). The authors also thank Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFOPS) for facilitating the Arctic expedition in 2019. The authors thank the captain and crew of the IBRV ARAON who were most helpful in all shipboard operations. This is NCPOR contribution number J-26/2023-24.
Funding
This work was supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Republic of Korea. Grant numbers [K-AWARE, KOPRI, 1525011760]. Authors Puthiya Veettil Vipindas, Siddarthan Venkatachalam, Thajudeen Jabir, Anand Jain, and Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan have received research support from NCPOR, India. Author Eun Jin Yang, has received research support from KOPRI, Korea.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by PVV, TJ, SV, and EJY, The first draft of the manuscript was written by PVV and edited by AJ and KPK. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Vipindas, P.V., Jabir, T., Venkatachalam, S. et al. Vertical segregation and phylogenetic characterization of archaea and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase gene in the water column of the western Arctic Ocean. Extremophiles 27, 24 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-023-01310-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-023-01310-6