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Fatigue behavior, failure mode, and stress distribution of occlusal veneers: influence of the prosthetic preparation cusp inclinations and the type of restorative material

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Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the effects of cusp inclination of the prosthetic preparation’s occlusal surface and type of restorative material on the fatigue behavior, failure mode, and stress distribution of occlusal veneers.

Materials and methods

Glass fiber–reinforced epoxy resin prosthetic preparations for occlusal veneers with three different occlusal surface cusp inclination degrees (0°, 15°, and 30°) were produced and assigned into six testing groups (n = 11) according to the cusp inclination (0°, 15°, or 30°) and type of restorative material (lithium disilicate—LD or resin composite—RC). Despite different substrate preparation cusp inclination degrees, the restorations were designed maintaining 30° inclination between the cusps at the occlusal surface and a thickness of 0.7 mm at the central groove region of the restorations to be machined in a CAD/CAM system. After cementation, the specimens were stored for about 7 days (under water at 37 °C), and subsequently submitted to a load to failure test (n = 2) and an intermittent cyclic fatigue test (n = 9) (initial load: 100 N; step size: 50 N; cycles/step: 10,000; loading frequency: 20 Hz; loading piston: 6-mm-diameter stainless steel) until observing cracks. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, Kaplan–Meier, and Mantel-Cox post hoc tests. Finite element analysis (FEA) and fractographic analyses were performed.

Results

The fatigue performance of LD and RC occlusal veneers was evaluated based on different prosthetic preparation cusp inclinations. The 0° inclination showed the best fatigue performance for both materials (LD: 944N, RC: 861N), while the 15° and 30° inclinations had lower values (LD: 800N and 533N, RC: 739N and 717N, respectively). The study also found that for a 0° inclination, LD occlusal veneers performed better than RC ones (LD: 944 N > RC: 861N), while for a 30° inclination, RC occlusal veneers had better fatigue performance than LD ones (LD: 533N < RC: 717N). No significant difference was observed between the materials for a 15° inclination (LD: 800N = RC: 739N). The FEA results showed a higher tensile stress concentration on lithium disilicate than on resin composite occlusal veneers. All lithium disilicate occlusal veneers showed radial crack failures, while resin composite occlusal veneers showed Hertzian cone cracks and radial cracks combined.

Conclusion

Considering mechanical perspective only, RC occlusal veneers should be indicated when prosthetic preparation cusps inclinations are 30°. When 0° prosthetic preparation cusps inclinations are observed, LD occlusal veneers will behave mechanically better. When a 15° cusp inclination is preserved, both restorative materials behave similarly.

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Funding

This study was partly supported by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – CAPES, Brazil (Grant # 001, Doctorate Scholarship of H.C.V. and K.S.D), by the Foundation to Research Support of the Rio Grande do Sul State (FAPERGS; Grants #18/2551-0000520-7 and #19/2551-0001221-7), and by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Grants #308427/2021-1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Prosthodontics-Biomaterials Unit, School of Dentistry, Center for Development of Advanced Materials, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM Campus, 1000 Roraima Av., T Street, Building 26H, Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil

    Helder Callegaro Velho, Kiara Serafini Dapieve, Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira, Andressa Borin Venturini & Luiz Felipe Valandro

  2. Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 777, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo Av, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil

    Elisa Donária Aboucauch Grassi, Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges & Renata Marques de Melo Marinho

  3. Prosthodontics-Biomaterials Unit, Faculty of Odontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM Campus, 1000 Roraima Av., T Street, Building 26F, Room 2386, Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil

    Luiz Felipe Valandro

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  1. Helder Callegaro Velho
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  2. Kiara Serafini Dapieve
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  6. Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
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Contributions

Helder Callegaro Velho: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing—original draft. Kiara Serafini Dapieve: methodology, formal analysis, data curation, writing—review and editing. Elisa Donária Aboucauch Grassi: methodology, formal analysis, data curation, writing—review and editing. Alexandre Luis Souto Borges: data curation, methodology, writing—review and editing. Renata Marques de Melo Marinho: data curation, methodology, writing—review and editing. Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira: supervision, formal analysis, data curation, writing—review and editing, validation. Andressa Borin Venturini: conceptualization, supervision, formal analysis, data curation, writing—review and editing. Luiz Felipe Valandro: conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, formal analysis, data curation, writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luiz Felipe Valandro.

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Velho, H.C., Dapieve, K.S., Grassi, E.D.A. et al. Fatigue behavior, failure mode, and stress distribution of occlusal veneers: influence of the prosthetic preparation cusp inclinations and the type of restorative material. Clin Oral Invest 27, 5539–5548 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05173-1

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