Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this scoping review was to determine the effectiveness of the platelet-rich fibrin in the control of pain associated with alveolar osteitis.
Materials and methods
Reporting was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases to identify all clinical studies on the application of platelet-rich fibrin in the control of pain caused by alveolar osteitis. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and qualitatively described.
Results
The initial search returned 81 articles, with 49 identified after duplicates removal; of these, 8 were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Three of the eight studies were randomized controlled clinical trials, and four were non-randomized clinical studies, two of which were controlled. One study was case series. In all of these studies, pain control was evaluated using the visual analog scale. Overall, the use of platelet-rich fibrin resulted effective in the control of pain determined by alveolar osteitis.
Conclusions
Within the limits of this scoping review, the application of platelet-rich fibrin in the post-extra-extraction alveolus reduced the pain associated with alveolar osteitis in almost all the included studies. Nevertheless, high-quality randomized trials with adequate sample size are warranted to draw firm conclusions.
Clinical relevance
Pain associated with alveolar osteitis causes discomfort to the patient and is challenging to be treated. Use of platelet-rich fibrin could be a promising clinical strategy for pain control in alveolar osteitis if its effectiveness will be confirmed by further high-quality studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Alveolar osteitis (AO) or “dry socket” is a widely recognized complication of dental extraction caused by a partial or total disintegrated blood clot within the extraction socket. Dry socket results in inflammation of exposed alveolar bone and delayed healing, accompanied by gradually increasing severity of pain which may radiate to the auricular and temporal regions [1]. The incidence of AO ranges between 1 and 30%, being more frequent in female patients after mandibular third molar extraction [2]. Many predisposing factors have been identified for the occurrence of this phenomenon including preexisting systemic diseases, drug and oral contraceptives assumption, operative techniques, and hygiene habits [1, 3, 4]. Strong halitosis, foul taste, edema of gingival tissues with local lymphadenitis, and pain are frequent. Specifically, the severe, throbbing, referred pain is one of the most typical clinical manifestations [5]. Generally, pain associated with tooth extraction resolves in a few days by analgesics; when it persists for more days, it could be an indicator of the AO [5].
Since pain is the main and debilitating symptom of this pathology, several strategies have been proposed in order to avoid or reduce the pain associated with alveolar osteitis. The main therapeutic approaches include alveolar lavage, chlorhexidine mouthwash, application of topical gels, analgesics, cryotherapy, antibiotics, topical anesthetics and obtundent, or their combination, and placement of medicated dressings [6,7,8,9,10]. Therapeutic alternatives are numerous, heterogeneous, and challenging to compare [11].
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation platelet concentrate produced without biochemical blood manipulation [12, 13]. It is constituted of three key elements: first, the platelets and their activated growth factors [14]; second, the leucocytes and their cytokines [15, 16]; third, the density and complex organization of the fibrin matrix architecture produced by a natural polymerization [14]. The fibrin matrix seems responsible for the slow release of growth factors during the proliferation stage of wound healing and serves as a scaffold for cell migration and differentiation [17]. PRF is an important reservoir of numerous growth factors to promote angiogenesis, such as transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [17]. In addition, PRF was found to reduce pain, swelling, and alveolar osteitis’ occurrence, as well as improve soft and hard tissue healing after mandibular extractions by a stimulation of angiogenesis and increase of local perfusion during the healing process [18, 19]. A modified form of PRF, called advanced PRF (A-PRF), was proposed. Because of its lower speed of centrifugation, A-PRF possesses a major number of platelets and growth factors with improvement in mechanical properties compared to the traditional leukocyte-PRF (L-PRF) [20].
Despite the benefits describing, some studies reported no significantly advantage in control of pain associated with AO when PRF was applied [21, 22].
This scoping review aimed to determine the effectiveness of the PRF in control of pain associated with alveolar osteitis in order to provide an updated overview of the current knowledge and address the future research.
Materials and methods
This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews [23] and focused on the following research question: “What is the effectiveness of the PRF in control of pain associated with alveolar osteitis?”
Search strategy
A literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases on 18/11/2022 to identify all pertinent studies investigating the effectiveness of the PRF in control of pain caused by alveolar osteitis. The following keywords were adopted for each database: (“alveolar osteitis” OR “dry socket”) AND (“platelet rich fibrin” OR “PRF”). No language restriction was used. Reference lists of selected studies were further screened for other relevant studies. Principal peer-reviewed scientific journals in oral surgery and miscellaneous (International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology, Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, BMC Oral Health, Clinical Oral Investigations, Odontology) were also hand searched. Two authors independently reviewed and decided which studies had to be included. Disagreement was solved through discussion or by the decision of a third expert reviewer.
Eligibility criteria
All clinical studies (cohort studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, case report, and case series) investigating the effectiveness of PRF in pain control associated with alveolar osteitis were included. The exclusion criteria regarded the study design (in vitro and ex vivo studies, animal studies), article type (editorials, commentaries, short communication, and reviews), peer-revision (abstracts and preprint articles), and language (studies without an English abstract).
Data extraction
For each study, the following items:
•Author (year)
•Study design
•Participants (n), exclusion criteria
•Socket anatomy
•Criteria for AO diagnosis
•Intervention
•Control
•Pain measure
•Follow-up
•Main findings
were tabulated. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Any discrepancies were solved by discussion or intervention of a third reviewer.
Results
The electronic search resulted in 81 articles. After duplicates exclusion, 49 abstracts were reviewed, and the full texts of 8 studies were screened. Finally, 8 studies were included for qualitative analysis (Fig. 1). All included studies are listed in the Table 1.
All studies were published after 2015 and investigated the potential application of PRF in the management of alveolar osteitis. For our purpose, we considered only the outcome of pain control management.
Three of the eight studies were randomized controlled clinical trials [22, 24, 25], four were non-randomized clinical studies [21, 26,27,28], and two of which were controlled [21, 27]. One study was case series [18].
Participants were aged from 18 to 60 years [18, 21, 22, 24,25,26,27,28] and mostly women [22, 24, 26,27,28]. Patients with any underlying systemic disease or compromised immunity or pregnant/lactating women were excluded in almost all studies [18, 21, 22, 24, 26,27,28], as well as patients taking previous medications for dry socket [21, 26, 28], women taking oral contraceptives [24, 26,27,28], and smokers [22, 24, 27]. Three studies specified the clinical criteria used for AO diagnosis including continuous, radiating, throbbing pain and the onset of symptoms 1–3 days post extraction [18, 24, 27].
Among the clinical trials, no control group was reported in the studies of Rastogi et al. [26] and Sharma et al. [28]. In the other studies, the control group was represented by aspirin cone [21], saline solution [24], Alvogyl (Septodent, Inc, Wilmington, DE) [25], and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) [22, 27]. Yuce et al. [24] applied Advanced-RPF (A-RPF). No specification on PRF form was reported in the other studies [18, 21, 22, 25,26,27,28].
The extraction site was not specified in 4 studies [21, 22, 25, 27]; in the remaining studies, the alveolar site was the molar region area [18, 24, 26, 28].
All the studies evaluated pain control by the visual analog scale (VAS) [18, 21, 22, 24,25,26,27,28]. The VAS consisted of 10 units in combination with a graphic rating scale, where the leftmost score of 0 represented absence of pain and the rightmost score of 10 indicated the worst possible, unbearable, excruciating pain. Chakravarthi et al. assessed the pain relief by recording also the analgesic intake [18].
Overall, almost all the studies showed that PRF reduced the pain associated with OA and guaranteed a fast pain relief [21, 24, 26,27,28]. When compared with ZOE, PRF reduced the pain intensity in all follow-up days in the study of Reeshma et al. (2021) [27], while the PRF group showed slower and less pain remission at 1-, 3-, and 5-day in the study of Hussain et al. [22], with no difference at 7-day.
Finally, a significant decrease in pain was recorded in both the PRF and Alvogyl groups at the 3-day, with no differences between them [25].
Discussion
Pain is considered the most frequent and uncomfortable symptom of OA that requires an effective treatment [29]. Over the years, several strategies have been proposed for the management of pain associated with alveolar osteitis [6,7,8,9]. However, no standardized protocol for treating the associated pain has been established, and choosing the best treatment option is still a challenge for clinicians. PRF is an autologous fibrin-based biomaterial entangled with platelets, leukocytes, and their cytokines. More recently, the use of applying platelet-rich fibrin in the pain control of OA has been proposed [18, 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].
The aim of this scoping review was to summarize the available studies on the effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin in the pain control of OA and offer a platform for further research.
Alveolar osteitis is a complex condition which may be challenging to be clinically standardized. Criteria of dry socket according to Chakravarthi’s definition [18] include major symptoms like foul taste, bad breath, prolonged throbbing pain radiating to the ear, temple, and neck, beginning 1–3 days after the tooth extraction and not resolving after drug intake. Signs refer to lacking of a blood clot, infected or retained roots, local swelling, and lymphadenopathy. A minimum of two symptoms and one sign are necessary to make a diagnosis of alveolar osteitis. Similar is Blum’s definition [6]. Only three studies explicated on the basis of which criteria the diagnosis of AO was performed [18, 24, 27].
Although three of the eight included studies were presented as randomized controlled clinical trials, the only study that specified the randomization procedure was that of Hussain et al. [22]. Similarly, no information was reported on strategies to guarantee the blinding of patients with regard to the treatment received and the operator responsible of pain assessment. Moreover, no control group was available in three of included studies [18, 26, 28], impairing the validity of the results obtained.
Gender, age, systemic condition, smoking status, extraction site, and surgical protocol are all factors able to impact the occurrence of postoperative complications including pain [30].
The included studies showed notable differences in participant selection. In almost all studies, the mean minimum age of the included population was 18 [21, 24, 26, 28], and the maximum was 60 [18, 21, 22, 25, 27]. Age might be a determinant of surgical difficulty, due to relative root and bone stiffness which leads to more traumatic surgeries [30].
A pivotal aspect of clinical trials is to guarantee a representative sample of the population with the aim of avoiding variables that may alter the study. Systemic pathologies, such as diabetes, increase the risk of postoperative infections and delay the wound healing due to the alterations in the microvascular circulation. This alteration results in a reduced inflammatory response, and this could lead to an alteration in the perception of pain in alveolar osteitis [31]. For this reason, almost all studies excluded patients with systemic or immune disorders [18, 21, 22, 24, 26,27,28]. In the study of Keshini et al. [25], preexisting systemic conditions were not reported as exclusion criteria. Smokers were excluded in three studies [22, 24, 27]. Smoking is a confounding factor because nicotine releases catecholamines which are responsible for vasoconstriction and tissue ischemia [21]. Thus, findings on smokers can be different from the general population and need caution in their interpretation.
Among the studies included, only the study of Keshini et al. [25] did not specify the gender. The majority of remaining studies exhibited a preponderance of women [22, 24, 26,27,28]. Pain associated with AO is more common in females probably due to the fact that women in childbearing age are in a continuous sinusoidal fluctuation of estrogen levels able to modify the inflammation status and thus pain perception [32, 33]. In addition, the use of oral contraceptives might raise plasma fibrinolysis and increase the risk for dry socket [30]. Nevertheless, females taking oral contraceptives are generally excluded from this kind of study [24, 26,27,28]. Thus, the preponderant occurrence of pain associated with AO in female patients is likely to be linked with the first mechanism [32, 33].
The study of Yuce et al. [24] tested the A-PRF. The other studies did not specify the type of PRF tested. The A-PRF exhibited a more porous structure, permitting more space for trapped platelets and immune cells and consequently a higher and more pronounced release of growth factors in comparison with L-PRF [34].
Overall, the PRF preparation was performed following the standardized and validated Choukroun’s technique [35]. This technique consists of 4 steps: blood sampling, centrifugation, fibrin clot sampling, and production of membranes, fragments, or swabs for extraction sites [35].
Four studies reported that the anatomical site was the third molar area [18, 24, 26, 28]; the others did not specify which extraction site was assessed [21, 22, 25, 27]. Of note, the molar region could require more frequently a surgical extraction. Surgical approach resulted in a 10-fold increase incidence of AO in comparison with non-surgical [36]. Indeed, the alveolar modifications caused by flap reflection and bone removal are more likely to cause AO when a surgical extraction is performed [37]. Moreover, the mandible has been reported to be more affected by AO than the maxilla probably due to more deliverance of direct tissue activators linked with bone marrow inflammation which occurred in more traumatic extractions [38].
Notable differences emerged in the sample size of included studies ranging from a minimum of 10 [18] to a maximum of 100 patients [26, 28]. A small sample size may make it challenging to assess the true effect of a treatment due to the occurrence of a type II error for which the null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted and no difference between the study groups is reported [39].
Overall, most of the included studies reported a significant reduction in OA-associated pain ensuring a fast pain relief [21, 24, 26,27,28]. The benefits observed in terms of pain control were probably linked with the faster wound healing promoted by PRF because of the increase in chemotaxis, angiogenesis, human osteoblast, and fibroblast proliferation, as well as differentiation in human bone mesenchymal stem cells [40, 41]. In addition, PRF favors the natural resurfacing of the dry socket wound which covers the exposed nerve terminals determining a soothing effect [28]. Moreover, the growth factors antagonize the inflammatory kinins released from the dry socket promoting the pain relief [18]. Thus, PRF could be considered an adequate healing biomaterial for pain management [17]. PRF reduced pain less than the ZOE group [22] at 1-, 3-, and 5-day post-intervention and with no significant differences compared with Alvogyl [25]. Alvogyl is an intraalveolar dressing material, largely used in the management of dry socket because it quickly provides pain relief and soothing effect during the healing process [25]. This mechanism is imputable to the analgesic, anesthetic, and antimicrobial effects of eugenol, butamben, and iodoform, respectively [25].
Interestingly, PRF was compared with ZOE in OA-associated pain remission, with contrasting results [22, 27]. ZOE is a commonly used obtundent material with antibacterial properties [22]. The different outcomes at 1-, 3- and 5-day post-intervention is probably due to the differences in sample size, enrollment population procedure, and demographical characteristics of patients involved [22, 27].
Scoping review is a flexible approach introduced for investigating the available knowledge on a specific or new topic, for determining the search boundaries, and directing the future studies [42]. The use of platelet-rich fibrin in the control of pain caused by alveolar osteitis is a current topic for which the available studies are few. Consequently, the main purpose of this scoping review was exploring and defining the applications on PRF for pain associated with alveolar osteitis as well as underlining the limitations of the current research. For this reason, all available clinical studies were included independently from study design and quality conduct. Furthermore, the bias assessment of studies was not performed being beyond the purpose of scoping review and resulting more preferable for a systematic revision approach.
Some limitations have to be considered. First, the great variety in methodology of included studies made difficult a comparison among them. In addition, pain is a subjective experience, which means that it cannot be directly verified by those who are not experiencing it. This subjectivity generates a bias that is difficult to correct, since it is mainly due to the past experiences of individuals that can affect individual pain perception [43]. The application of dressing materials inside the extraction socket has been reported to delay wound healing and cause adverse reactions [7]; however, most of the studies reporting these findings are obsolete and thus poorly informative [44,45,46].
Although the application of platelet-rich fibrin in the post-extraction socket is a time-consuming and invasive technique [22], it might be a promising strategy for the control of pain associated with alveolar osteitis being biocompatible, effective, and safe treatment [18, 47]. Yet, high-quality randomized clinical trials on large sample size with adequate control groups are extremely warranted to evaluate the true benefits of the application of PRF in pain associated with alveolar osteitis.
Conclusions
Within the limits of the present scoping review, the application of platelet-rich fibrin in the post-extra-extraction alveolus reduced the pain associated with alveolar osteitis in almost all the included studies. Yet, high-quality randomized trials with adequate sample size are necessary to corroborate these findings.
References
Guo S, Dipietro LA (2010) Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res 89(3):219–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509359125
Rodrigues MT, Cardoso CL, Carvalho PS et al (2011) Experimental alveolitis in rats: microbiological, acute phase response and histometric characterization of delayed alveolar healing. J Appl Oral Sci 19:260–268
Hermesch CB, Hilton TJ, Biesbrock AR et al (1998) Perioperative use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for the prevention of alveolar osteitis: efficacy and risk factor analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85:381–387
Eshghpour M, Rezaei NM, Nejat A (2013) Effect of menstrual cycle on frequency of alveolar osteitis in women undergoing surgical removal of mandibular third molar: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 71:1484–1489
Cardoso CL, Rodrigues MT, Ferreira Júnior O, Garlet GP, de Carvalho PS (2010) Clinical concepts of dry socket. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:1922–1932
Blum IR (2002) Contemporary views on dry socket (alveolar osteitis): a clinical appraisal of standardization, aetiopathogenesis and management: a critical review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31:309–317
Kolokythas A, Olech E, Miloro M (2010) Alveolar osteitis: a comprehensive review of concepts and controversies. Int J Dent 2010:249073
Nitzan DW (1983) On the genesis of ‘dry socket’. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41:706–710
Supe NB, Choudhary SH, Yamyar SM et al (2018) Efficacy of Alvogyl (combination of Iodoform + Butylparaminobenzoate) and zinc oxide eugenol for dry socket. Ann Maxillofac Surg 8:193–199
Faizel S, Thomas S, Yuvaraj V, Prabhu S, Tripathi G (2015) Comparision between neocone, Alvogyl and zinc oxide eugenol packing for the treatment of dry socket: a double blind randomised control trial. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 14:312–320
Garola F, Gilligan G, Panico R, Leonardi N, Piemonte E (2021) Clinical management of alveolar osteitis. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 26:e691–e702
Miron RJ, Zucchelli G, Pikos MA, Salama M, Lee S, Guillemette V, Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Bishara M, Zhang Y, Wang HL, Chandad F, Nacopoulos C, Simonpieri A, Aalam AA, Felice P, Sammartino G, Ghanaati S, Hernandez MA, Choukroun J (2017) Use of platelet-rich fibrin in regenerative dentistry: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 21:1913–1927
Rosamma Joseph V, Raghunath A, Sharma N (2012) Clinical effectiveness of autologous platelet rich fibrin in the management of infrabony periodontal defects. Singapore Dent J 33:5–12
Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A et al (2006) Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: platelet-related biologic features. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 101:e45–e50
Rozman P, Bolta Z (2007) Use of platelet growth factors in treating wounds and soft tissue injuries. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 16:156–165
Simon D, Manuel S, Geetha V, Naik BR (2004) Potential for osseous regeneration of platelet rich plasma – a comparative study in mandibular third molar sockets. Indian J Dent Res 15:133–136
Daugela P, Grimuta V, Sakavicius D, Jonaitis J, Juodzbalys G (2018) Influence of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on the outcomes of impacted mandibular third molar removal surgery: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Quintessence Int 49:377–388
Chakravarthi S (2017) Platelet rich fibrin in the management of established dry socket. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017(43):160–165
Kumar YR, Mohanty S, Verma M et al (2016) Platelet rich fibrin: the benefits. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 54:57–61
Esfahrood ZR, Ardakani MT, Shokri M, Shokri M (2020) Effects of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin and advanced platelet-rich fibrin on the viability and migration of human gingival fibroblasts. J Indian Soc Periodontol 24:15–19
Chybicki D, Janas-Naze A (2022) Pain relief and antimicrobial activity in alveolar osteitis after platelet-rich fibrin application—a non-randomized controlled study. Appl Sci 12:1324
Hussain I, Singh S, Jain H et al (2018) A prospective randomised clinical study on evaluation of platelet-rich fibrin versus zinc oxide eugenol in the management of alveolar osteitis. Oral Surg 11:41–49
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W et al (2018) PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169:467–473
Yüce E, Kömerik N (2019) Potential effects of advanced platelet rich fibrin as a wound-healing accelerator in the management of alveolar osteitis: a randomized clinical trial. Niger J Clin Pract 22:1189–1195
Keshini MP, Shetty SK, Sundar S, Chandan SN, Manjula S (2020) Assessment of healing using Alvogyl and platelet rich fibrin in patients with dry socket - an evaluative study. Ann Maxillofac Surg 10:320–324
Rastogi S, Choudhury R, Kumar A et al (2018) Versatility of platelet rich fibrin in the management of alveolar osteitis-a clinical and prospective study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 8:188–193
Reeshma S, Dain CP (2021) Comparison of platelet-rich fibrin with zinc oxide eugenol in the relief of pain in alveolar osteitis. Health Sci Rep 4:e354
Sharma A, Aggarwal N, Rastogi S, Choudhury R, Tripathi S (2017) Effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin in the management of pain and delayed wound healing associated with established alveolar osteitis (dry socket). Eur J Dent 11:508–513
Xu JL, Sun L, Liu C, Sun ZH, Min X, Xia R (2015) Effect of oral contraceptive use on the incidence of dry socket in females following impacted mandibular third molar extraction: a meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44:1160–1165
Rakhshan V (2018) Common risk factors of dry socket (alveolitis osteitis) following dental extraction: a brief narrative review. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 119:407–411
Gadicherla S, Smriti K, Roy S, Pentapati KC, Rajan J, Walia A (2020) Comparison of extraction socket healing in non-diabetic, prediabetic, and type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 12:291–296
Tarakji B, Saleh LA, Umair A, Azzeghaiby SN, Hanouneh S (2015) Systemic review of dry socket: aetiology, treatment, and prevention. J Clin Diagn Res 9:ZE10–ZE13
Cohen ME, Simecek JW (1995) Effects of gender-related factors on the incidence of localized alveolar osteitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 79:416–422
Tonetti MS, Claffey N, European Workshop in Periodontology group C (2005) Advances in the progression of periodontitis and proposal of definitions of a periodontitis case and disease progression for use in risk factor research. Group C consensus report of the 5th European Workshop in Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 32:210–213
Coukroun J, Adda F, Schoeffler C, Vervelle A (2001) Une opportunite’ en paro-implantologie. Le PRF
Torres-Lagares D, Serrera-Figallo MA, Romero-Ruíz MM, Infante-Cossío P, García-Calderón M, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL (2005) Update on dry socket: a review of the literature. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 10:81
Lilly GE, Osbon DB, Rael EM, Samuels HS, Jones JC (1974) Alveolar osteitis associated with mandibular third molar extractions. J Am Dent Assoc 88:802–806
Bortoluzzi MC, Manfro R, De Déa BE, Dutra TC (2010) Incidence of dry socket, alveolar infection, and postoperative pain following the extraction of erupted teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 11:E033–EE40
Faber J, Fonseca LM (2014) How sample size influences research outcomes. Dental Press J Orthod 19:27–29
Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Diss A, Odin G, Doglioli P, Hippolyte MP, Charrier JB (2009) In vitro effects of Choukroun’s PRF (platelet-rich fibrin) on human gingival fibroblasts, dermal prekeratinocytes, preadipocytes, and maxillofacial osteoblasts in primary cultures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 108:341–352
Chang IC, Tsai CH, Chang YC (2010) Platelet-rich fibrin modulates the expression of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and osteoprotegerin in human osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res A 95:327–332
Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E (2018) Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol 8:143
Tracey I, Mantyh PW (2007) The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. Neuron 55:377–391
Schatz J-P, Fiore-Donno G, Henning G (1987) Fibrinolytic alveolitis and its prevention. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 16:175–183
Chapnick P, Diamond LH (1992) A review of dry socket: a double-blind study on the effectiveness of clindamycin in reducing the incidence of dry socket. J Can Dent Assoc 58:43–52
Summers L, Matz L (1976) Extraction wound sockets. Histological changes and paste packs--a trial. Br Dent J 141:377–379
Martínez-Zapata MJ, Martí-Carvajal A, Solà I et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of the use of autologous plasma rich in platelets for tissue regeneration: a systematic review. Transfusion 49:44–56
Funding
Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Catania within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: EP, GRMLR. Data curation: GRMLR, AB, CYP. Formal analysis: CYP, GRMLR, MP. Investigation: GRMLR, CYP, AM. Methodology: EP, GRMLR. Project administration: EP, AB. Resources: EP, AB. Software: GRMLR. Supervision: EP, AM. Validation: EP, GRMLR, MP. Visualization: GRMLR, CYP, AB. Roles/writing—original draft: GRMLR, CYP, EP. Writing—review and editing: GRMLR, AB, AM, MP. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
La Rosa, G.R.M., Marcianò, A., Priolo, C.Y. et al. Effectiveness of the platelet-rich fibrin in the control of pain associated with alveolar osteitis: a scoping review. Clin Oral Invest 27, 3321–3330 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05012-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05012-3