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Periodontal ligament cells under mechanical force regulate local immune homeostasis by modulating Th17/Treg cell differentiation

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Abstract

Objectives

Improper orthodontic force often causes root resorption or destructive bone resorption. There is evidence that T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells may be actively involved in bone remodeling during tooth movement. In a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we investigated the effect of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) on Th17/Treg cells under different orthodontic forces and corticotomy.

Material and methods

hPDLCs were cultured in vitro and subjected to different mechanical forces. The expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the supernatant and the mRNA levels of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, Notch1, and TGF-β in hPDLCs were investigated. Supernatants were collected and co-cultured with activated CD4+T cells, and the differentiation of Th17/Treg cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. We also established an animal model of tooth movement with or without corticotomy. The tooth movement distance, alveolar bone height, and root resorption were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. Expression of interleukin (IL)-17A, forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3), and IL-6 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, while osteoclasts were evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The mRNA levels of IL-17A, IL-6, Foxp3, IL-10, HIF-1α, notch1, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) in alveolar bone and gingiva were investigated.

Results

Heavy force repressed cell viability and increased the mortality rate of hPDLCs; it also improved the expression of IL-6, declined the expression of TGF-β, and promoted the mRNA expression level of HIF-1α. The expression of TGF-β and Notch1 mRNA decreased and then increased. The supernatant of hPDLCs under heavy force promotes the polarization of Th17 cells. The heavy force caused root resorption and decreased alveolar bone height and increased the positive area of IL-17A immunohistochemical staining and the expression of IL-17A, IL-6, HIF-1α, and Notch1 mRNA. Corticotomy accelerated tooth movement, increased the proportion of Foxp3-positive cells, and up-regulated the expression of Foxp3, IL-10, and CXCL12 mRNA.

Conclusions

During orthodontic tooth movement, the heavy force causes root resorption and inflammatory bone destruction, which could be associated with increased expression of Th17 cells and IL-6. Corticotomy can accelerate tooth movement without causing root resorption and periodontal bone loss, which may be related to the increased expression of Treg cells.

Clinical relevance

Altogether, this report provides a new perspective on the prevention of inflammatory injury via the regulation of Th17/Treg cells in orthodontics.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Sha Wu (Southern Medical University) for the helpful discussion and technical support.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2018A0303130261). Natural science foundation of guangdong province,No. 2018A0303130261,Chufeng Liu

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Author notes

  1. Jiayu Lin, Jiachang Huang and  Zhaoqiang Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, 510280, China

    Jiayu Lin, Jiachang Huang, Xinyi Yu, Xuepei Cai & Chufeng Liu

  2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.366, Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, 510280, China

    Zhaoqiang Zhang

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  1. Jiayu Lin
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Correspondence to Chufeng Liu.

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Lin, J., Huang, J., Zhang, Z. et al. Periodontal ligament cells under mechanical force regulate local immune homeostasis by modulating Th17/Treg cell differentiation. Clin Oral Invest 26, 3747–3764 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-04346-0

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