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Chemical composition and morphology study of bovine enamel submitted to different sterilization methods

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Abstract

Objectives

The morphology and chemical composition of enamel submitted to different sterilization methods was studied.

Methods

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed to evaluate 50 bovine enamel specimens sterilized using four methods: microwaving (MI), gamma irradiation (GI), ethylene oxide (EO), and steam autoclave (SA). Non-sterilized specimens were used as control.

Results

XPS indicated that the concentration of P (phosphorus), CO3 (carbonate), and CO3/P was not changed in all groups. GI produced no significant change on elemental composition. SA produced the major decrease in calcium (Ca), Ca/P ratio, and increase in N (nitrogen). MI was found to decrease Ca, Ca/P ratio and O (oxygen), and increase in C (carbon) and N. EO produced decrease in Ca and O with increased C concentration. FEG-SEM revealed surface and in-depth morphological changes on SA specimens. Minor surface alterations were observed for EO and for MI groups, and no alteration was observed on GI group. EDS indicated no difference on elemental composition of enamel bulk among groups.

Conclusions

SA produced mineral loss and morphological alterations on surface and in depth. MI and EO sterilization caused mineral loss showing only slight alteration on enamel surface. GI sterilization preserves the morphological characteristics of enamel. The sterilization methods could be classified from lower to high damage as GI < MI < EO < SA.

Clinical relevance

This is a comprehensive comparative study where different methods for enamel sterilization were investigated in terms of chemical changes. The results presented here may help researchers to choose the most appropriate method for their research setting and purpose.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Peter Hammer for the XPS analysis and technical assistance. We would also like to thank ACECIL, Comércio e Esterilização a Óxido de Etileno and IPEN - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, for their continuous support for sterilization of enamel specimens with ethylene oxide and gamma irradiation, respectively. The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá, N° 1680, Araraquara, SP, CEP:14801-903, Brazil

    P. S. Viana, A. C. Pavarina, A. L. Machado & C. E. Vergani

  2. Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Santo Amaro, UNISA, São Paulo, Brazil

    P. S. Viana

  3. Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil

    M. O. Orlandi

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  1. P. S. Viana
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  2. M. O. Orlandi
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  3. A. C. Pavarina
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  4. A. L. Machado
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  5. C. E. Vergani
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. E. Vergani.

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Conflict of interest

Author Viana, PS, declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Orlandi, MO, declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Pavarina, AC, declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Machado, AL, declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Vergani, CE, declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Funding

The work was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) within the framework of the project no. 2011/09416-0 and 2011/10358-4. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Viana, P.S., Orlandi, M.O., Pavarina, A.C. et al. Chemical composition and morphology study of bovine enamel submitted to different sterilization methods. Clin Oral Invest 22, 733–744 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2148-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2148-5

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