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Enamel erosion prevention and mechanism: effect of 10.6-μm wavelength CO2 laser low power density irradiation studied by X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy

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Abstract

Purpose

This study assessed the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (λ = 10.6 μm, 5 W, 70 J/cm2) irradiation alone and after treatment with neutral fluoride gel on enamel and their efficacy in preventing enamel erosion compared to untreated and fluoride gel-treated enamel.

Methods

Enamel surfaces of the bovine incisor (n = 7/group) were treated with artificial saliva (S, negative control), neutral fluoride (NF, positive control), CO2 laser irradiation (L), and NF + laser (NF + L). Samples were acid demineralized (soft drink, pH ~ 3.2, 10 min), remineralized (saliva, 37 °C, 1 h), and analyzed using micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-EDXRF), attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

Results suggest that NF gives the best protection against erosion, followed by NF + L and L. μ- EDXRF showed that changes due to laser treatment in L and NF + L were uneven. SEM images showed morphological changes in L and NF + L such as craters, fissures, and roughness in some regions, again indicating the unevenness of laser-induced enamel changes. ATR-FTIR mean spectra intensity levels and principal component analysis also indicate higher efficacy of fluoride over laser treatments and unevenness of laser treatments.

Conclusion

Overall, it can be concluded that CO2 laser parameters need to be further investigated to promote adequate protection with minimum surface changes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Odontologia e Materiais Aplicados, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

    Francialza Veras Viana Lopes, Roberto Pizarro Sanches & Luís Eduardo Silva Soares

  2. Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Rodovia dos Tamoios, Km 5,5, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

    Getúlio de Vasconcelos

  3. Sir John Walsh Research Institute, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand

    Tanmoy T. Bhattacharjee

  4. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

    Ana Maria do Espírito Santo

Authors
  1. Francialza Veras Viana Lopes
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  2. Roberto Pizarro Sanches
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  3. Getúlio de Vasconcelos
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  4. Tanmoy T. Bhattacharjee
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  5. Ana Maria do Espírito Santo
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  6. Luís Eduardo Silva Soares
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Correspondence to Luís Eduardo Silva Soares.

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Lopes, F.V.V., Sanches, R.P., de Vasconcelos, G. et al. Enamel erosion prevention and mechanism: effect of 10.6-μm wavelength CO2 laser low power density irradiation studied by X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Res. Biomed. Eng. 37, 351–359 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42600-021-00131-w

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