Abstract
Cell polarity, the asymmetric organization of cellular components along one or multiple axes, is present in most cells. From budding yeast cell polarization induced by pheromone signaling, oocyte polarization at fertilization to polarized epithelia and neuronal cells in multicellular organisms, similar mechanisms are used to determine cell polarity. Crucial role in this process is played by signaling lipid molecules, small Rho family GTPases and Par proteins. All these signaling circuits finally govern the cytoskeleton, which is responsible for oriented cell migration, cell shape changes, and polarized membrane and organelle trafficking. Thus, typically in the process of cell polarization, most cellular constituents become polarized, including plasma membrane lipid composition, ion concentrations, membrane receptors, and proteins in general, mRNA, vesicle trafficking, or intracellular organelles. This review gives a brief overview how these systems talk to each other both during initial symmetry breaking and within the signaling feedback loop mechanisms used to preserve the polarized state.
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Abbreviations
- AKAP350:
-
A-kinase anchor protein 350 kDa
- Ano1:
-
anoctamin 1
- AP:
-
adaptor protein
- APC:
-
adenomatous polyposis coli
- aPKC:
-
atypical protein kinase Cζ/λ
- AQP5:
-
aquaporin 5
- Arf6:
-
ADP-ribosylation factor 6
- ArhGAP22:
-
Aplysial Ras-related homolog 22
- Asef:
-
APC-stimulated GEF
- BDNF:
-
brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- C3G:
-
Crk SH3-domain-binding guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor
- Cdc42:
-
cell division cycle control protein 42
- Cdk1:
-
cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- Cip4:
-
cdc42-interacting protein 4
- Crk:
-
CT-10 (chicken tumor virus 10) regulator of kinase
- Cno/AF6:
-
canoe/afadin6
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- CRMP2:
-
collapsin response mediator protein 2
- Dbl:
-
diffuse B cell lymphoma
- Dbs:
-
Dbl big sister
- DIC:
-
dynein intermediate chain
- Dlg:
-
disks large homolog
- DLIC:
-
dynein light intermediate chain
- EMT:
-
epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ER:
-
endoplasmic reticulum
- FilGAP:
-
filamin-A-associated RhoGAP
- GA:
-
Golgi apparatus
- GDI:
-
GDP dissociation inhibitor
- GEF:
-
guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- GMAP210:
-
Golgi-microtubule associated protein of 210 kDa
- GPCR:
-
G protein-coupled receptor
- GSK3β:
-
glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- IF:
-
intermediate filament
- IP3R:
-
inositol trisphosphate receptor
- KASH:
-
klarsicht, Anc1, and Syne homology
- Khc:
-
kinesin heavy chain
- Krit:
-
Krev/Rap1A interaction trapped protein 1
- Lgl:
-
lethal giant larvae protein
- LGN:
-
leucine-glycine-asparagine repeat protein
- LIMK:
-
LIM—Lin11/Isl1/Mec3—domain kinase
- Lin7:
-
abnormal cell lineage 7
- LINC:
-
linkers of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton
- LIS1:
-
lissencephaly protein 1
- MAP1B:
-
microtubule associated protein 1B
- MAP2c:
-
microtubule associated protein 2c
- MET:
-
mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- Miro:
-
mitochondrial Rho
- MLCK:
-
myosin light chain kinase
- MTOC:
-
microtubule organizing center
- Mud:
-
mushroom body defective
- Nde1:
-
nuclear distribution protein E1
- NGF:
-
nerve growth factor
- NHE:
-
Na+-H+-exchanger
- NKCC1:
-
Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporters
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl-D-aspartate
- Nore1A:
-
Novel Ras effector 1A
- NT3/4:
-
neurotrophins 3/4
- NuMA:
-
nuclear mitotic apparatus
- PAK:
-
p21-activated kinase
- Par:
-
partitioning-defective
- Patj:
-
Pals1-associated tight junction protein
- PB1:
-
Phox Bem1 domain
- PC:
-
phosphatidylcholine
- PE:
-
phosphatidylethanolamine
- PH:
-
pleckstrin homology
- PI3K:
-
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Pins:
-
Partner of Inscutable
- PIP2:
-
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- PIP3:
-
phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
- αPix:
-
alpha Pak-interacting exchange factor
- PKD1:
-
protein kinase D1
- PMCA:
-
plasma membrane calcium ATPase
- PMGS:
-
plasma membrane ganglioside sialidase
- pRex1:
-
PIP3-dependent Rac exchanger 1
- PS:
-
phosphatidylserine
- PTEN:
-
phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10
- Rac1:
-
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- RalA:
-
RAS-like protein A
- Rap1B:
-
Ras-related protein 1B
- RapL:
-
Regulator for cell adhesion and polarization enriched in lymphoid tissue
- Ras:
-
rat sarcoma
- Rassf1:
-
Ras association domain family member 1
- Rgl:
-
Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 1
- RhoA:
-
Ras homolog family member A
- ROCK:
-
Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase
- SERCA:
-
sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase
- shRNA:
-
short hairpin RNA
- Smurf1:
-
Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1
- Sos:
-
son of sevenless
- STIM1:
-
stromal interaction molecule 1
- SUN:
-
Sad1 and Unc-83
- TAG1:
-
transient axonal glycoprotein 1
- TGFβ:
-
transforming growth factor beta
- Tiam1:
-
T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis
- TMEM16A:
-
transmembrane protein 16A
- TRAK1/2:
-
trafficking protein, kinesin binding 1
- TrkA:
-
tyrosin kinase A
- t-SNARE:
-
target soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein) attachment protein receptor
- WASP:
-
Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein
- WAVE:
-
WASP family verprolin-homologous
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Acknowledgements
The work is supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic grant P302/12/G157 from the Czech Science Foundation and by the UNCE 204022 and PRVOUK P27/LF1/1 grants from the Charles University in Prague. Acknowledgement also goes to Servier Medical Art whose cartoons were used in figure preparation.
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Mazel, T. Crosstalk of cell polarity signaling pathways. Protoplasma 254, 1241–1258 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1075-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1075-2