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Growth-limiting proteins in maize coleoptiles and the auxin-brassinosteroid hypothesis of mesocotyl elongation

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Abstract

The shoot of grass coleoptiles consists of the mesocotyl, the node, and the coleoptile (with enclosed primary leaf). Since the 1930s, it is known that auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), produced in the tip of the coleoptile, is the central regulator of turgor-driven organ growth. Fifty years ago, it was discovered that antibiotics that suppress protein biosynthesis, such as cycloheximide, inhibit auxin (IAA)-induced cell elongation in excised sections of coleoptiles and stems. Based on such inhibitor studies, the concept of “growth-limiting proteins (GLPs)” emerged that was subsequently elaborated and modified. Here, we summarize the history of this idea with reference to IAA-mediated shoot elongation in maize (Zea mays) seedlings and recent studies on the molecular mechanism underlying auxin action in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, the analysis of light-induced inhibition of shoot elongation in intact corn seedlings is discussed. We propose a concept to account for the GLP-mediated epidermal wall-loosening process in coleoptile segments and present a more general model of growth regulation in intact maize seedlings. Quantitative proteomic and genomic studies led to a refinement of the classic “GLP concept” to explain phytohormone-mediated cell elongation at the molecular level (i.e., the recently proposed theory of a “central growth regulation network,” CGRN). Novel data show that mesocotyl elongation not only depends on auxin but also on brassinosteroids (BRs). However, the biochemical key processes that regulate the IAA/BR-mediated loosening of the expansion-limiting epidermal wall(s) have not yet been elucidated.

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (AvH fellowships Stanford 2012/13 to UK, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Germany) and grants from the US National Institute of Health (R01GM066258 to Z.-Y. W.).

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  1. Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Ulrich Kutschera & Zhi-Yong Wang

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  1. Ulrich Kutschera
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Correspondence to Ulrich Kutschera.

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Kutschera, U., Wang, ZY. Growth-limiting proteins in maize coleoptiles and the auxin-brassinosteroid hypothesis of mesocotyl elongation. Protoplasma 253, 3–14 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0787-4

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