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Pleistocene shaping of genetic diversity in a monsoon-affected environment: the case of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae) in the southern Arabian Peninsula

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Abstract

The Gymnosporia dhofarensis complex (Celastraceae) consists of the closely related taxa G. dhofarensis (Sebsebe) Jordaan and G. parviflora (Vahl) Chiov. and occurs in the fragmented and isolated monsoon-affected refugia of the coastal mountains in a vegetation of relics of (semi-)evergreen Afro-montane woodland and drier habitats (deciduous woodland, open dry scrub) of the southern Arabian Peninsula. To study the phylogeography of the complex, 536 individuals from 31 populations were analysed using cpDNA-RFLP, while a subset of 320 individuals from 20 populations was analysed using AFLP fingerprinting. Additionally, for 46 accessions from populations throughout the distribution range of the complex and 10 individuals of G. senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. s.l. sequences of nrDNA ITS were established to infer ribotype variation and allow dating of diversification events. Phylogeographical reconstructions based on six detected chloroplast haplotypes show a distinct haplotype distribution pattern with a main split between western (Northern Yemen/Jabal Eraf/Jabal Al Aghbar/Jabal Urays; G. parviflora) and eastern populations (Ras Fartak/Hawf Mts/Dhofar Mts; G. dhofarensis). The results of AFLP fingerprinting are congruent with chloroplast data but offer an even more detailed view into the intra-regional population differentiation. The analysis of nrDNA ITS variants shows that G. dhofarensis s.l. is well separated from other Gymnosporia representatives in the study (i.e. G. senegalensis s.l. and G. aff. divaricata). Based on nrDNA ITS sequence variation, the main inter-regional split between western (G. parviflora) and eastern populations (G. dhofarensis) is dated to 0.9–2.2 Ma before present.

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Acknowledgements

This work was conducted in the frame of the Yemeni-German BIOTA (Biodiversity Monitoring Transect Analysis) Project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF; Project Number 01LC0025). Collecting of plant material by Dr. Cornelya Klütsch (Peterborough, Canada) and the invaluable support provided by the late Dr. Mohamed Ali Hubaishan (Mukalla, Yemen), the Yemeni project coordinator, is gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks for their technical help are due to Mrs. Jana Bansemer in the molecular laboratory of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (Berlin, Germany), Mrs Jutta Heinrich and the late Mr. Peter Hummel in the laboratory at the Institute of Botany in Regensburg (Germany). Repeated comments by two anonymous reviewers improved our present contribution considerably and are thankfully acknowledged.

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  1. Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany

    Christoph Oberprieler, Tankred Ott, Alois Hipper, Manuela Bog, Salvatore Tomasello & Jörg Meister

  2. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin-Dahlem, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Norbert Kilian

  3. Systematic Botany and Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany

    Salvatore Tomasello

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Online Resource 1

Taxa and GenBank accession numbers of Celastraceae representatives used for the phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence variation of the present publication (PDF 255 kb)

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Taxa and GenBank accession numbers of S Arabian Gymanosporia representatives used for the phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence variation of the present publication (PDF 287 kb)

Online Resource 3

Alignment of nrDNA ITS1 (positions 1-353) and ITS2 (positions 354-741) for Gymnosporia accessions from Yemen and Oman (A802 through A931, DH1_1 through RF2; see Online Resource 2 for accession information) and other Celatraceae (MAYfic_HQ267181 through STAcle_GU169128; see Online Resource 1 for accession information) (TXT 101 kb)

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Information on Electronic Supplementary Material

Online Resource 1: Taxa and GenBank accession numbers of Celastraceae representatives used for the phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence variation of the present publication.

Online Resource 2: Taxa and GenBank accession numbers of S Arabian Gymanosporia representatives used for the phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence variation of the present publication.

Online Resource 3: Alignment of nrDNA ITS1 (positions 1–353) and ITS2 (positions 354–741) for Gymnosporia accessions from Yemen and Oman (A802 through A931, DH1_1 through RF2; see Online Resource 2 for accession information) and other Celatraceae (MAYfic_HQ267181 through STAcle_GU169128; see Online Resource 1 for accession information).

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Oberprieler, C., Ott, T., Hipper, A. et al. Pleistocene shaping of genetic diversity in a monsoon-affected environment: the case of Gymnosporia (Celastraceae) in the southern Arabian Peninsula. Plant Syst Evol 303, 1399–1412 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1464-1

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