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Highly electrochemically active Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite for the simultaneous sensing of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples

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Abstract

The facile fabrication is reported of highly electrochemically active Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT (3D/1D)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) for the efficient simultaneous electrochemical detection of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples. 3D/1D Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite was synthesized using microwave irradiation and ultrasonication processes. Then, the Ti3C2Tx/MWCNT-modified SPE electrode was fabricated and thoroughly characterized towards its physicochemical and electrochemical properties using XPS, TEM, FESEM, XRD, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. As-constructed Ti3C2Tx-MWCNT/SPE offers excellent electrochemical sensing performance with good detection limits (0.23, 0.57, and 0.43 µM) and wide linear ranges (1.0 ~ 90.1, 2.0 ~ 62.0, and 2.0–90.9 µM) for paracetamol, caffeine, and theophylline, respectively,  in the human samples. Notably, the non-enzymatic electroactive nanocomposite-modified electrode has depicted a semicircle Nyquist plot with low charge transfer resistance (Rct∼95 Ω), leading to high ionic diffusion and facilitating an excellent electron transfer path. All the above results in efficient stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and sensitivity compared with other reported works, and thus, it claims its practical utilization in realistic clinical applications.

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Funding

This work was partially supported by the Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan and by the Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center Grant (KMU-TC113A01). This research work was also supported financially by the grants NSTC110-2113-M-037-009-, and NSTC 112-2113-M-037-005- from the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan. The authors are thankful to operators and gratefully acknowledge the use of HR-TEM, FE-SEM, pXRD, and XPS equipment provided by the Instrument Center (core facility) of National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, and instrument facilities provided by National Sun-yet Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, for this research work. In addition, we also thank KMU-NHRI for their bilateral collaborative research grant support (NHRIKMU-113-I005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-Ro 1-Gil, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea

    Elancheziyan Mari & Keehoon Won

  2. Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), No. 100, Shiquan 1St Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan

    Elancheziyan Mari, Po-Chin Huang & Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy

  3. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Puiau Pinang, Malaysia

    Murugesan Duraisamy

  4. School of Electronics and Automation (SoE), Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology (Digital University Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    Muthusankar Eswaran

  5. Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore City, India

    Senthilkumar Sellappan

  6. Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Pranjal Chandra

  7. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan

    Po-Chin Huang

  8. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

    Yi-Hsun Chen

  9. Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan

    Yuan-Chung Lin

  10. Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan

    Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy

  11. Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan

    Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy

  12. Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India

    Pei-Chien Tsai

  13. Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital (CMUH), China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan

    Po-Chin Huang & Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy

  14. Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical Univiersity, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan

    Pei-Chien Tsai & Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy

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  1. Elancheziyan Mari
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Correspondence to Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy.

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Mari, E., Duraisamy, M., Eswaran, M. et al. Highly electrochemically active Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite for the simultaneous sensing of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples. Microchim Acta 191, 212 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-024-06273-9

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