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Chitosan-based molecularly imprinted photoelectric sensor with ZnO/Bi2O3/Bi2S3 sensing layer for thiamethoxam determination

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Abstract

A molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and stable structure was constructed and applied to detect thiamethoxam pesticide. ZnO/Bi2O3/Bi2S3 heterojunction photoelectric material was formed on the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode by seed layer growth, drip coating, and in situ ion exchange. A chitosan-imprinted polymer membrane was prepared using chitosan as the functional monomer, glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, and thiamethoxam as the template molecule. The photoelectric material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analyses. The electron transfer mechanism of Z-type heterojunction was verified by ultraviolet–visible curve and Mott-Schottky curve. When thiamethoxam was re-adsorbed on the imprinted membrane, the current recorded at 0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) was reduced because the thiamethoxam molecule blocked the electron transfer. The molecularly imprinted sensor exhibited a linear relationship to thiamethoxam concentration in the range from 7.0 × 10−13 mol/L to 7.0 × 10−10 mol/L and the detection limit was 3.32 × 10−13 mol/L, which is lower than the values reported by other detection methods. Most pesticides, such as propoxur and isoprocarband carbaryl, do not interfere with the determination. The sensor also showed good practicability and suitability for the determination of trace thiamethoxam in environmental water and soil leaching solutions, with a recovery of 99.6–102.1% (RSD < 3.74%).

Graphical abstract

A novel molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical (MI-PEC) sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of thiamethoxam (TMX) was developed. A Z-type heterojunction ZnO/Bi2O3/Bi2S3 photoelectric material was synthesized for the first time. The MI-PEC sensor was prepared with ZnO/Bi2O3/Bi2S3 as the sensitive material and MI membrane as the recognition element. The sensor exhibits an extremely sensitive response to thiamethoxam with a detection limit of 3.32 × 10−13 mol/L due to the excellent photoelectrochemical properties of ZnO/Bi2O3/Bi2S3

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Funding

The authors acknowledge the support given by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21765006), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province of China (No. 2021GXNSFAA196011), and the Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, China

    Wei Xiao, Liangfeng Wang, Xiaoping Wei & Jianping Li

  2. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, Guangxi, 541004, China

    Xiaoping Wei & Jianping Li

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  1. Wei Xiao
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Correspondence to Xiaoping Wei or Jianping Li.

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Xiao, W., Wang, L., Wei, X. et al. Chitosan-based molecularly imprinted photoelectric sensor with ZnO/Bi2O3/Bi2S3 sensing layer for thiamethoxam determination. Microchim Acta 189, 247 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05326-1

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