Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Disposable electrochemical immunosensor array for the multiplexed detection of the drug metabolites morphine, tetrahydrocannabinol and benzoylecgonine

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Microchimica Acta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Heroin, marijuana and cocaine are widely abused drugs. Their use can be readily detected by analyzing urine for the metabolites morphine (MOR), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or benzoylecgonine (BZC). A multiplex immunosensor is described here for detection of MOR, THC and BZC using screen printed carbon array electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles. Antibodies against MOR, THC and BZC were immobilized on eight electrodes in a sensor array simultaneously, and a competitive assay was used for the detection. The free analytes in the sample compete with bovine serum albumin-conjugated analytes for the immobilized antibodies on the sensor surface. The array is capable of detecting the three drugs simultaneously within 20–40 min. The method has a high sensitivity, with detection limits as low as 1.2, 7.0, and 8.0 pg.mL−1 for MOR, THC and BZC, respectively. Cross reactivity testing was preformed to monitor any nonspecific binding. The results revealed good selectivity. Urine samples were spiked with the 3 drugs and tested with the multiplexed immunosensor. Recovery percentages ranged between 88 to 115%.

Schematic presentation of the multiplexed immunosensor for drugs of abuse,viz. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine (MOR), and benzoylecgonine (BZC)) by using an array of modified electrodes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Xiao D, Jiang Y, Bi Y (2018) Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of illegal drugs and additives: a review. Microchim Acta 185(4):247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-2735-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cherubin CE, Sapira JD (1993) The medical complications of drug addiction and the medical assessment of the intravenous drug user: 25 years later. Ann Intern Med 119(10):1017–1028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Büttner A (2011) Review: the neuropathology of drug abuse. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 37(2):118–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01131.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. World Drug Report (2015) UNITED NATIONS New York

  5. Strano-Rossi S, Molaioni F, Rossi F, Botrè F (2005) Rapid screening of drugs of abuse and their metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: application to urinalysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19(11):1529–1535. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1942

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jamwal R, Topletz AR, Ramratnam B, Akhlaghi F (2017) Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry for simple and simultaneous quantification of cannabinoids. J Chromatogr B 1048:10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chiuminatto U, Gosetti F, Dossetto P, Mazzucco E, Zampieri D, Robotti E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E (2010) Automated online solid phase extraction ultra high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for determination of forty-two therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse in human urine. Anal Chem 82(13):5636–5645. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac100607v

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ary K, Róna K (2001) LC determination of morphine and morphine glucuronides in human plasma by coulometric and UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 26(2):179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(01)00393-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zgair A, Wong JCM, Sabri A, Fischer PM, Barrett DA, Constantinescu CS, Gershkovich P (2015) Development of a simple and sensitive HPLC–UV method for the simultaneous determination of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rat plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 114:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Barnett NW, Lewis SW, Tucker DJ (1996) Determination of morphine in process streams by sequential injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection. Fresenius J Anal Chem 355(5):591–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0021663550591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pulgarín JAM, Bermejo LFG, Gallego JML, García MNS (2008) Simultaneous stopped-flow determination of morphine and naloxone by time-resolved chemiluminescence. Talanta 74(5):1539–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.09.032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Agius R, Nadulski T, Moore C (2012) Validation of LUCIO®-direct-ELISA kits for the detection of drugs of abuse in urine: application to the new German driving licence re-granting guidelines. Forensic Sci Int 215(1):38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Carrio A, Sampedro C, Sanchez-Lopez JL, Pimienta M, Campoy P (2015) Automated low-cost smartphone-based lateral flow saliva test reader for drugs-of-abuse detection. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 15(11):29569–29593. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151129569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Guler E, Yilmaz Sengel T, Gumus ZP, Arslan M, Coskunol H, Timur S, Yagci Y (2017) Mobile phone sensing of cocaine in a lateral flow assay combined with a biomimetic material. Anal Chem 89(18):9629–9632. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Caslavska J, Allemann D, Thormann W (1999) Analysis of urinary drugs of abuse by a multianalyte capillary electrophoretic immunoassay. J Chromatogr A 838(1):197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00115-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Choi J, Kim C, Choi MJ (1998) Comparison of capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay with fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the immunodetermination of methamphetamine using various methamphetamine antibodies. ELECTROPHORESIS 19 (16–17):2950–2955. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150191626

  17. Singh S, Mishra P, Banga I, S Parmar A, Prakash Tripathi P, Gandhi S (2018) Chemiluminescence based immunoassay for the detection of heroin and its metabolites. BioImpacts : BI 8 (1):53–58. https://doi.org/10.15171/bi.2018.07

  18. Hazarika P, Jickells SM, Wolff K, Russell DA (2010) Multiplexed detection of metabolites of narcotic drugs from a single latent fingermark. Anal Chem 82(22):9150–9154. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac1023205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gandhi S, Caplash N, Sharma P, Raman Suri C (2009) Strip-based immunochromatographic assay using specific egg yolk antibodies for rapid detection of morphine in urine samples. Biosens Bioelectron 25(2):502–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.07.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Li F, Song J, Shan C, Gao D, Xu X, Niu L (2010) Electrochemical determination of morphine at ordered mesoporous carbon modified glassy carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 25(6):1408–1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wanklyn C, Burton D, Enston E, Bartlett C-A, Taylor S, Raniczkowska A, Black M, Murphy L (2016) Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva. Chemistry Central Journal 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-016-0148-1

  22. Ensafi AA, Heydari-Bafrooei E, Rezaei B (2013) Different interaction of codeine and morphine with DNA: a concept for simultaneous determination. Biosens Bioelectron 41:627–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Talemi RP, Mashhadizadeh MH (2015) A novel morphine electrochemical biosensor based on intercalative and electrostatic interaction of morphine with double strand DNA immobilized onto a modified au electrode. Talanta 131:460–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Navaee A, Salimi A, Teymourian H (2012) Graphene nanosheets modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous detection of heroine, morphine and noscapine. Biosens Bioelectron 31(1):205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Li Y, Zou L, Li Y, Li K, Ye B (2014) A new voltammetric sensor for morphine detection based on electrochemically reduced MWNTs-doped graphene oxide composite film. Sensors Actuators B Chem 201:511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.05.034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chantada-Vázquez MP, Sánchez-González J, Peña-Vázquez E, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A (2016) Simple and sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer – Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots based fluorescence probe for cocaine and metabolites determination in urine. Anal Chem 88(5):2734–2741. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Weng C-H, Yeh W-M, Ho K-C, Lee G-B (2007) A microfluidic system utilizing molecularly imprinted polymer films for amperometric detection of morphine. Sensors Actuators B Chem 121(2):576–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kriz D, Mosbach K (1995) Competitive amperometric morphine sensor based on an agarose immobilised molecularly imprinted polymer. Anal Chim Acta 300(1):71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(94)00368-V

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Yeh W-M, Ho K-C (2005) Amperometric morphine sensing using a molecularly imprinted polymer-modified electrode. Anal Chim Acta 542(1):76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhang C, Han Y, Lin L, Deng N, Chen B, Liu Y (2017) Development of quantum dots-labeled antibody fluorescence immunoassays for the detection of morphine. J Agric Food Chem 65(6):1290–1295. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ya Y, Xiaoshu W, Qing D, Lin J, Yifeng T (2015) Label-free immunosensor for morphine based on the electrochemiluminescence of luminol on indium–tin oxide coated glass functionalized with gold nanoparticles. Anal Methods 7(11):4502–4507. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00764j

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Munoz EM, Lorenzo-Abalde S, González-Fernández Á, Quintela O, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Riguera R (2011) Direct surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for in situ detection of benzoylecgonine, the major cocaine metabolite. Biosens Bioelectron 26(11):4423–4428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.04.056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sakai G, Ogata K, Uda T, Miura N, Yamazoe N (1998) A surface plasmon resonance-based immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of morphine. Sensors Actuators B Chem 49(1):5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(98)00107-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Munge BS, Stracensky T, Gamez K, DiBiase D, Rusling JF (2016) Multiplex Immunosensor arrays for electrochemical detection of Cancer biomarker proteins. Electroanalysis 28(11):2644–2658. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Eissa S, Alshehri N, Abduljabbar M, Rahman AMA, Dasouki M, Nizami IY, Al-Muhaizea MA, Zourob M (2018) Carbon nanofiber-based multiplexed immunosensor for the detection of survival motor neuron 1, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Duchenne muscular dystrophy proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 117:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Yu A, Liang Z, Cho J, Caruso F (2003) Nanostructured electrochemical sensor based on dense gold nanoparticle films. Nano Lett 3(9):1203–1207. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl034363j

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Eissa S, Zourob M (2017) Competitive voltammetric morphine immunosensor using a gold nanoparticle decorated graphene electrode. Microchim Acta 184(7):2281–2289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2261-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Shimaa Eissa and Rema A. Almthen contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Rd., Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia

    Shimaa Eissa, Rema A. Almthen & Mohammed Zourob

Authors
  1. Shimaa Eissa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rema A. Almthen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammed Zourob
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammed Zourob.

Ethics declarations

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Eissa, S., Almthen, R.A. & Zourob, M. Disposable electrochemical immunosensor array for the multiplexed detection of the drug metabolites morphine, tetrahydrocannabinol and benzoylecgonine. Microchim Acta 186, 523 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3646-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3646-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation