Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reference intervals for hematological and serum biochemical analytes in snow trout, Schizothorax esocinus inhabiting Dal Lake of Kashmir Himalaya

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Comparative Clinical Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hematological and serum biochemical analytes are the main aspects of studying fish health. The primary objective of the present study was to establish hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of a commercially important food fish, Schizothorax esocinus inhabiting Dal Lake. Data from a total of 432 adult fish specimens (length = 33.76 ± 2.26 cm; weight = 402.85 ± 84.24 g) was recorded over 2 years of study period from April 2017 to March 2019. Various parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total protein, albumin, glucose, urea, and cholesterol were analyzed. The reference intervals were established using Reference value Advisor v 2.1 software. Hb (9.45 gdL−1), RBC (1.69 × 106 mm−3), and serum glucose (94.22 mgdL−1) levels were noted significantly (p < 0.05) higher in male sex, while significantly (p < 0.05) higher WBC count (16.80 × 103 mm−3) and serum cholesterol (217.44 mgdL−1) were observed in female fish. The study provides novel information on hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of S. esocinus that can be useful for monitoring its metabolic balance, health status, and comparative studies in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acar U, Saoca C, Kesbic O, Yilmaz S, Yigit M, Inanan B, Fazio F (2019) Comparative study on haematological and biochemical parameters of two wild sparid fish species. Cah Biol Mar 60:51–57. https://doi.org/10.21411/cbm.a.39a890f1

  • Adeyemo BT, Obande RA, Solomon SG (2014) Haematological reference ranges of cultured Clarias gariepinus in the Lower Benue River Basin, Nigeria. Comp Clin Pathol 23:361–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1624-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed I, Reshi QM, Fazio F (2020) The influence of the endogenous and exogenous factors on hematological parameters in different fish species: a review. Aquac Int 28:869–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00501-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayir A, Sirkecioglu AN, Polat H, Aras NM (2007) Biochemical profile of blood serum of siraz Capoeta capoeta umbla. Comp Clin Path 16:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-006-0663-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxhall PC, Daisley KW (1973) Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. J Fish Biol 5:771–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04510.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonga W, Sjoerd E (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiol Rev 77:591–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cataldi E, Di Marco P, Mandich A, Cataudella S (1998) Serum parameters of Adriatic Sturgeon Acipenser naccarii (Pisces: Acipenseriformes): effects of temperature and stress. Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Mol Integr Physiol 121:351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(98)10134-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Celik ES (2004) Blood chemistry (electrolytes, lipoprotein and enzymes) values of black scorpion fish (Scorpaena porcus, 1758) in the Dardanelles. Turk J Biol 4:716–719. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.716.719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coskun OF, Aydin D, Duman F (2016) Comparison of some blood parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) living in running and still water. Iran J Fish Sci 15:497–507. http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/22883

  • Coz-Rakovac R, Strunjak-Perovic I, Hacmanjek M, Topic PN, Lipej Z, Sostaric B (2005) Blood chemistry and histological properties of wild and cultured seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). North Adriatic Sea. Vet Res Commun 29:677–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-3684-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dacie S, Lewis S (1991) Practical haematology, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, p 633

    Google Scholar 

  • Day F (1878) The fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma and Ceylon. Harvard University, CZ, Ernst Mayr Library, Publication of London 4:139–195

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pedro N, Guijarro AI, Lopez-Patino MA, Martínez-Alvarez R, Delgado MJ (2005) Daily and seasonal variations in haematological and blood biochemical parameters in the tench, Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758. Aquac Res 36:1185–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01338.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Rio-Zaragoza OB, Hernandez-Rodriguez M, Buckle-Ramirez LF (2008) Thermal stress effect on tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Pisces: Cichlidae) blood parameters. Mar Behav Physiol 41:135–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01338.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ejraei F, Ghiasi M, Khara H (2015) Evaluation of hematological and plasma indices in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, with reference to age, sex, and hormonal treatment. Fish Aquatic Sci 23:163–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio F, Ferrantelli V, Fortino G, Arfuso F, Giangrosso G, Faggio C (2015) The influence of acute handling stress on some blood parameters in cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758). Ital J Food Saf 4:4174. https://doi.org/10.4081/2Fijfs.2015.4174

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio F, Saoca C, Piccione G, Kesbic OS, Acar U (2016) Comparative study of some hematological and biochemical parameters of Italian and Turkish farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). Turkish J Fish Aquat Sci 16:715–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs KR, Harr KE, Freeman KP, Szladovits B, Walton RM, Barnhart KF, Blanco-Chavez J (2012) ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics. Vet Clin Pathol 41:441–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geffre A, Concordet D, Braun JP, Trumel C (2011) Reference value advisor: a new freeware set of macroinstructions to calculate reference intervals with Microsoft Excel. Vet Clin Pathol 40:107–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2011.00287.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George KR, Malini NA, Rajasree D (2015) Effects of acclimation on the haematological indices of different groups of fresh water teleosts. J Appl Nat Sci 7:5–9. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.555

  • Golemi S, Medja N, Lacej D (2013) Influence of sex on the hematological and morphometric parameters of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) from Shkodra Lake. Acad J Interdiscip Stud 2:45–49. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gul Y, Gao ZX, Qian XQ, Wang WM (2011) Haematological and serum biochemical characterization and comparison of wild and cultured northern snakehead (Channa argus Cantor, 1842). J Appl Ichthyol 27:122–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01565.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hrubec TC, Smith SA (2000) Hematology of fish. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC (eds) Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1120–1125

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrubec TC, Smith SA, Robertson JL, Feldman B, Veit HP, Libey G, Tinker MK (1996) Blood bio-chemical reference intervals for sunshine bass (Morone chrysops ×Morone saxatilis ) in three culture systems. Am J Vet Res 57:624–627

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jan K, Ahmed I (2021) The influence of sex and season on some hematological and biochemical parameters of snow trout Schizothorax labiatus in the Indian Himalayan Region. Fish Sci 87:39–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jan K, Ahmed I, Dar NA (2021) Haematological and serum biochemical reference values of snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus habiting in river Sindh of Indian Himalayan region. J Fish Biol 98:1289–1302. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14661Kohanestani

  • Kohanestani ZM, Hajimoradloo A, Ghorbani R, Yulghi S, Hoseini A, Molaee M (2013) Seasonal variations in hematological parameters of Alburnoides eichwaldii in Zaringol Stream-Golestan Province, Iran. World J Fish Mar Sci 5:121–126.

  • Kullander SO, Fang F, Delling B, Ahlander E (1999) The fishes of the Kashmir Valley. In: River Jhelum, Kashmir Valley, impacts on the aquatic environment (ed. by Nyman, L.). Swedmar, Goteborg, pp. 99–163

  • Lavanya S, Ramesh M, Kavitha C, Malarvizhi A (2011) Hematological, biochemical and ionoregulatory responses of Indian major carp Catla catla during chronic sublethal exposure to inorganic arsenic. Chemosphere 82:977–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.071

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SM, Lee JH, Kim KD (2003) Effect of dietary essential fatty acids on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture 225:269–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo H, Xiao S, Ye H, Zhang Z, Lv C, Zheng S, Wang X (2016) Identification of immune-related genes and development of SSR/- SNP markers from the spleen transcriptome of Schizothorax prenanti. PLoS One 11:e0152572. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald DG, Milligan CL (1992) Chemical properties of the blood. In: Fish Physiology (ed. by Hoar WS, Randall, DJ, Farell AP). San Diego, Academic Press, 12:55–133

  • McKenzie S, Deane EM, Burnett L (2002) Haematology and serum biochemistry of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Comp Clin Path 11:229–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005800200024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metin K, Koca YB, Kiral FK, Koca S, Turkozan O (2008) Blood cell morphology and plasma biochemistry of captive Mauremys caspica (Gmelin, 1774) and Mauremys rivulata (Valenciennes, 1833). Acta Vet Brno 77:163–174. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200877020163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motlagh SP, Zarejabad AM, Nasrabadi RG, Ahmadifar E, Molaee M (2012) Haematology, morphology and blood cells characteristics of male and female Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Comp Clin Path 21:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-010-1058-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mozanzadeh MT, Yaghoubi M, Yavari V, Agh N, Marammazi JG (2015) Reference intervals for haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in sobaity sea bream juveniles (Sparidentex hasta, Valenciennes 1830). Comp Clin Path 24:1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-015-2107-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Natt MP, Herrick CA (1952) A new blood diluent for counting the erythrocytes and leucocytes of the chicken. Poult Sci 31:735–738. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0310735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oner M, Atli G, Canli M (2008) Changes in serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:360–366. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-281r.1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan SC, Patra AK, Mohanty KC, Pal A (2014) Hematological and plasma biochemistry in Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1822). Comp Clin Path 23:509–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1642-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan SC, Patra AK, Sarkar B, Pal A (2012) Seasonal changes in hematological parameters of Catla catla (Hamilton 1822). Comp Clin Path 21:1473–1481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-011-1316-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratnakar S (2016) Haematological and biochemical changes in Cirrhinus mrigala (Nain) in relation to season, sex and reproductive status. Doctoral dissertation, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145 (Uttarakhand)

  • Rehulka J, Adamec V (2004) Red blood cell indices for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) reared in cage and raceway culture. Acta Vet Brno 73:105–114. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200473010105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reshi QM, Ahmed I (2020) Seasonal variation in length-weight relationship, condition factor and biological indices of snow inhabiting River Jhelum of Kashmir Himalaya. J Ecophysiol Occup Health 20:232–238. https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2020/25930

  • Riche M (2007) Analysis of refractometry for determining total plasma protein in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) at various salinities. Aquaculture 264:279–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubiger CB, Gorman ME, Johns JL, Arkoosh MR, Dietrich JP (2021) Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbra Pallas, 1814) plasma biochemistry and hematology reference intervals including blood cell morphology. PLoS One 16:e0246982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma NK, Akhtar MS, Pandey NN, Singh R, Singh AK (2017) Sex specific seasonal variation in hematological and serum biochemical indices of Barilius bendelisis from Central Himalaya, India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India B Biol Sci 87:1185–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0692-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh ZA, Ahmed I (2019) Impact of environmental changes on plasma biochemistry and hematological parameters of Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax plagiostomus. Comp Clin Path 28:793–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02914-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AK (2015) Advances in Indian Coldwater fisheries and aquaculture. J Fish Sci Com 9:48–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavares-Dias M, Frasca-Scorvo CMD, Campos-Filho E, Moraes FR (1999) Hematological characteristics of brazilian teleosts. IV. Parameters of matrinxa (Brycon cephalus Gunther, 1869) (Osteichthyes: Characidae). Ars Veter

  • Trojan S (2003) Medical physiology. Grada publishing, Prague, p 771

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner T, Congleton JL (2004) Blood chemistry correlates of nutritional condition, tissue damage and stress in migrating juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawitscha). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:1066–1074. https://doi.org/10.1139/f04-050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer GA, Gould RW, Yasutake WT (1983) Some potentials and limits of the leucocrit test as a fish health assessment method. J Fish Biol 23:711–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb02948.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakes Z, Demska-Zakes K, Szczepkowski M, Rozynski M, Ziomek E (2016) Impact of sex and diet on hematological and blood plasma biochemical profiles and liver histology of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.)). Fish Aquat Life 24:61–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2016-0007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Xie C, Li D, Xiong D, Liu H, Suolang S, Shang P (2010) Haematological and blood biochemical characteristics of Glyptosternum maculatum (Siluriformes: Sisoridae) in Xizang (Tibet). Fish Physiol Biochem 36:797–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-009-9354-2

  • Zhao H, Panase P, Zhang Z, Yao P, Zhang Y, Suwannapoom C (2018) Hematological and plasm biochemical values for Rhinogobio ventralis in the Yangtze River, China. Comp Clin Path 27:741–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2660-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu P, Tang Y, Fan J, Fang J, Peng X, Cui H (2017) Hematological parameters and blood cell morphology of male and female Schizothorax (Racoma) davidi (Sauvage). J World Aquac Soc 48:821–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12397

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, for providing necessary laboratory facilities, and Mr. Mufti Burhan, Chief Executive Engineer, University of Kashmir, for helping in the construction of new Feed Technology Laboratory (Wet-270 Lab.) in the Department of Zoology. The authors also thank the fishing community of Dal Lake for their co-operation and support for the collection of fish samples.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190 006, JK, India

    Quseen Mushtaq Reshi & Imtiaz Ahmed

Authors
  1. Quseen Mushtaq Reshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Imtiaz Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Both the authors contributed to the study.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Imtiaz Ahmed.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

All the protocols used in the present study have been approved by Animal Ethical Committee registered under R.No. 801/Go/RE/S/2003/CPCSEA.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Reshi, Q.M., Ahmed, I. Reference intervals for hematological and serum biochemical analytes in snow trout, Schizothorax esocinus inhabiting Dal Lake of Kashmir Himalaya. Comp Clin Pathol 31, 221–227 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-022-03323-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-022-03323-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation