Abstract
Background
Recently we reported novel noninvasive scoring systems for diagnosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and related fibrosis, namely FM-NASH index and FM-fibro index. They are highly accurate, however, they contain some items not widely used in clinical practice and require six or more items to diagnose both NASH and related fibrosis. By focusing on widely used items, we tried to identify convenient markers in common with the both diagnoses.
Methods
To explore the markers for NASH and related fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, we used data of 24 clinical items in our previous report. By logistic regression analysis, we identified items suitable for the both diagnoses. We then evaluated their accuracies by area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUROCs) on independent validation data.
Results
We identified the combination of type IV collagen 7S and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as the predictor both for NASH and related fibrosis. We developed a scoring system based on the combination and evaluated the prediction accuracy: the AUROCs for training/validation data sets are 0.857/0.769 for NASH and 0.918/0.842 for NASH-related fibrosis. The former was higher than that of NAFIC score, and the latter was higher than those of existing fibrosis markers: BARD score, FIB-4 index and NAFLD fibrosis score but lower than FM-fibro index.
Conclusions
The scoring system using type IV collagen 7S and AST named CA index can predict both NASH and related fibrosis in NAFLD patients with sufficient accuracy and could be a convenient diagnostic and screening tool for NASH and related fibrosis. The scoring system needs to be validated in independent larger populations from multiple clinical centers.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ALT:
-
Alanine aminotransferase
- AST:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- AUROC:
-
Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- cfNRI:
-
Category-free net reclassification improvement
- GGT:
-
Gamma-glutamyl transferase
- HA:
-
Hyaluronic acid
- IDI:
-
Integrated discrimination improvement
- NAFL:
-
Nonalcoholic fatty liver
- NAFLD:
-
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH:
-
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- ROC:
-
Receiver operator characteristic curve
- VCAM1:
-
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
References
Weiß J, Rau M, Geier A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, clinical course, investigation, and treatment. Dtsch. Ärzteblatt Int. 2014;111:447–52.
Sayiner M, Koenig A, Henry L, et al. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States and the rest of the world. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20:205–14.
Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(389–397):e10.
Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1413–9.
Sumida Y, Nakajima A, Itoh Y. Limitations of liver biopsy and non-invasive diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:475–85.
Fitzpatrick E, Dhawan A. Noninvasive biomarkers in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current status and a glimpse of the future. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:10851–63.
Bedossa P, Patel K. Biopsy and noninvasive methods to assess progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1811–22.
Yoshimura K, Okanoue T, Ebise H, et al. Identification of novel noninvasive markers for diagnosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and related fibrosis by data mining. Hepatology. 2016;63:462–73.
Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313–21.
Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology. 1982;143:29–36.
Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB, D’Agostino RB, et al. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Stat Med. 2008;27:157–72.
Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB, Steyerberg EW. Extensions of net reclassification improvement calculations to measure usefulness of new biomarkers. Stat Med. 2011;30:11–21.
Pickering JW, Endre ZH. New metrics for assessing diagnostic potential of candidate biomarkers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1355–64.
Sumida Y, Kanemasa K, Douhara A, et al. A proposal of simple scoring system to differentiate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: we originally named NAFIC score composed of serum ferritin, fasting insulin, type IV collagen 7S. Kanzo. 2008;49:279–81.
Sumida Y, Yoneda M, Hyogo H, et al. A simple clinical scoring system using ferritin, fasting insulin, and type IV collagen 7S for predicting steatohepatitis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:257–68.
Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL, et al. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut. 2008;57:1441–7.
Fujii H, Enomoto M, Fukushima W, et al. Applicability of BARD score to Japanese patients with NAFLD. Gut. 2009;58:1566–7.
Raszeja-Wyszomirska J, Szymanik B, Ławniczak M, et al. Validation of the BARD scoring system in Polish patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10:67.
Ruffillo G, Fassio E, Alvarez E, et al. Comparison of NAFLD fibrosis score and BARD score in predicting fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2011;54:160–3.
Shah AG, Lydecker A, Murray K, et al. Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1104–12.
Sumida Y, Yoneda M, Hyogo H, et al. Validation of the FIB4 index in a Japanese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:2.
Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45:846–54.
Qureshi K, Clements RH, Abrams GA. The utility of the “NAFLD fibrosis score” in morbidly obese subjects with NAFLD. Obes Surg. 2008;18:264–70.
Wong VWS, Wong GLH, Chim AML, et al. Validation of the NAFLD fibrosis score in a Chinese population with low prevalence of advanced fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1682–8.
Risteli J, Bächinger HP, Engel J, et al. 7-S collagen: characterization of an unusual basement membrane structure. Eur J Biochem. 1980;108:239–50.
Fukutomi T, Sakamoto S, Isobe H, et al. Clinical significance of the serum levels of the 7S domain of type IV collagen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1992;7:596–601.
Matsuzaki Y, Yoshiga S, Sugitani T, et al. Enzyme immunoassay of serum type IV collagen in anti-HCV positive chronic liver diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 1993;221:209–17.
Tsutsumi M, Takase S, Urashima S, et al. Serum markers for hepatic fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease: which is the best marker, Type III procollagen, type IV collagen, laminin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, or prolyl hydroxylase? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20:1512–7.
Sakugawa H, Nakayoshi T, Kobashigawa K, et al. Clinical usefulness of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:255–9.
Shimada M, Kawahara H, Ozaki K, et al. Usefulness of a combined evaluation of the serum adiponectin level, HOMA-IR, and serum type IV collagen 7S level to predict the early stage of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1931–8.
Yoneda M, Mawatari H, Fujita K, et al. Type IV collagen 7s domain is an independent clinical marker of the severity of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis before the cirrhotic stage. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:375–81.
Mizuno M, Shima T, Oya H, et al. Classification of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using rapid immunoassay of serum type IV collagen compared with that using liver histology and other fibrosis markers. Hepatol. Res. 2016;47:1–10.
Prieto J, Barry M, Sherlock S. Serum ferritin in patients with iron overload and with acute and chronic liver diseases. Gastroenterology. 1975;68:525–33.
Watanabe S, Hashimoto E, Ikejima K, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:364–77.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okanoue, T., Ebise, H., Kai, T. et al. A simple scoring system using type IV collagen 7S and aspartate aminotransferase for diagnosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and related fibrosis. J Gastroenterol 53, 129–139 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-017-1355-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-017-1355-9