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Quaternary development history of coral reefs from West Indian islands: a review

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Abstract

The Western Indian Ocean results from a complex geological history, implying both plate motion since about 180 million years and volcanic hot-spot activity since about 68 million years. This region exhibits a myriad of islands different in nature and origin, including continental remnants (Madagascar, the granitic Seychelles), high volcanic islands (Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, the Comoros), high- and low-lying carbonate reef platforms (the carbonate Seychelles, the French Scattered Island Group, Agalega Islands) and a few submerged reef banks (Geyser, Nazareth, Saya de Malha). This region contains all known types of reefs—fringing, barrier, atoll, platform and bank. The data about reef development history over the Quaternary were gained mainly from two distinct sources: boreholes and emerged outcrops. Reef drilling indicates that modern reefs started regionally to grow from about 10,000–9600 years BP. Rates of vertical reef accretion ranges from 0.2 to about 10 mm/year according to exposure and shape of coral builders. The sea-level curves, reconstructed from vertical reef-accretion and lagoon-deposition curves, express a rapid rise in sea level at rates averaging 6 mm/year between 10,000 and 7500–7000 years BP, with a stabilization at the present position around 2500–3000 years BP. There are significant variations in the composition and distribution of dominant reef-building coral assemblages and facies (framework versus detritus) according to exposure to wave energy. Frameworks composed of robust coral branching assemblages—mainly Acropora robusta, A. humilis groups; Isopora palifera—dominate in higher energy settings, while those with domal and tabular branching forms—mainly Porites, various faviids, Acropora hyacinthus group—are best represented in lower-energy to protected environments. Detritus-reefs are best developed in sheltered sites. The recent contribution of some dominant coral species in modern WIO reefs seem to have resulted from their delayed arrival in the region as controlled by the regional prevailing surface circulation—South Equatorial Current and Agulhas Current—and/or by the competency period of their larvae. Coral-based, geochemical records suggest that, during the mid Holocene, the seasonal variability of sea surface temperatures was lower than today. The reconstruction of the WIO Pleistocene reef history is chiefly based on a limited number of exposed reef remains deposited during the last interglacial MIS 5.5 stage (129,000–125,000 years BP), at present culminating at elevations ranging from − 20 to + 9 m with respect to present mean sea level. Such differences in elevation can be explained by a differential tectonic behaviour of reef-bearing substrates, from stable continental areas to subsiding volcanic islands. The existence of older reef generations (Plio-Pleistocene) was identified from coral-rich inclusions trapped into pyroclastites of Comoro volcanoes.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

(modified from Camoin et al. 2004)

Fig. 3

(adapted from Montaggioni 1974; Rees et al. 2005; O’Leary and Perry 2010)

Fig. 4

Modified from Rees (2005)

Fig. 5

(modified from O’Leary and Perry 2010)

Fig. 6

(modified from Zinke et al. 2003)

Fig. 7

Modified from Zinke et. al. (2003)

Fig. 8

(modified from Dullo et al. 1998; Camoin et al. 2004)

Fig. 9

(modified from Zinke et al. 2005)

Fig. 10

(modified from Dutton et al. 2015)

Fig. 11

Adapted from Google Earth satellite images

Fig. 12

Courtesy Ifremer

Fig. 13

Modified from Guillaume et al. (2013)

Fig. 14

Modified from Jorry et al. (2016)

Fig. 15

adapted from YouTube)

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Acknowledgements

We wish to express my warm thanks to my co-workers on the Western Indian reefs for the last decades (G. Faure, C. Gabrié, O. Naim, C.R.J. Braithwaite, G.F. Camoin, W-Ch Dullo, M. Taviani). We want to extend my appreciation to administrative services and agencies which have financially and/or logistically supported field and laboratory works (Regional Council and University of Réunion Island, Mauritian Ministry of Works, European Union, CNRS, IRD and Ifremer). R. Klaus is gratefully acknowledged to give me the opportunity of revisiting some of my former playgrounds. Comments by Reviewers W.-Ch. Dullo and Bernhard Riegl are valued.

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  1. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, 13331, Marseille, France

    Lucien F. Montaggioni & Bertrand Martin-Garin

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Montaggioni, L.F., Martin-Garin, B. Quaternary development history of coral reefs from West Indian islands: a review. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 109, 911–930 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01839-3

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