Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The effects of early age thermal conditioning and vinegar supplementation of drinking water on physiological responses of female and male broiler chickens reared under summer Mediterranean temperatures

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Biometeorology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of early age thermal conditioning (ETC), vinegar supplementation (VS) of drinking water, broilers’ gender, and their interactions on respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood parameters (biochemical, hematological, and thyroid hormones) of broiler chickens reared under high ambient temperatures were determined. A total of 1100 1-day-old chicks were divided into four treatments: the “control” which were non-conditioned and non-supplemented; “heat-conditioned” which were exposed to 38 ± 1 °C for 24 h at 5 days of age; “vinegar supplemented” which were given drinking water supplemented with 0.2% of commercial vinegar from 28 to 49 days of age; and “combined” which were both heat conditioned and vinegar supplemented. All groups were exposed to the natural fluctuations of summer ambient temperature (average diurnal ambient temperature of about 30 ± 1 °C and average relative humidity of 58 ± 5%). ETC and broiler gender did not affect the respiratory rate or body temperature of chronic heat-exposed chickens. VS changed the body temperature across time (d35, d42, d49) (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.05) without changing respiratory rate. Heat-conditioned chickens exhibited lower levels of glycemia (P < 0.0001) and higher hematocrit and red blood cell counts (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the greatest effects of VS, alone or associated with ETC, were the lowering of cholesterol and triglyceride blood concentrations. A significant (P < 0.05) effect of ETC, gender, and ETC×gender on T3:T4 ratio was observed. Finally, some beneficial physiological responses induced by ETC and VS, separately or in association, on chronically heat-stressed chickens were observed. However, the expected cumulative positive responses when the two treatments were combined were not evident.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Fattah SA, El-Sanhoury MH, El-Mednay NM, Abdel-Azeem F (2008) Thyroid activity, some blood constituents, organs morphology and performance of broiler chicks fed supplemental organic acids. Int J Poult Sci 7(3):215–222. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2008.215.222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdo MAZ (2004) Efficacy of acetic acid in improving the utilization of low protein-low energy broiler diets. Egypt Poult Sci 24:123–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zghoul M-B, El-Bahr SM, Al-Rukibat RK (2015) Biochemical and molecular investigation of thermal manipulation protocols during broiler embryogenesis and subsequent thermal challenge. BMC Vet Res 11(1):292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0609-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arjona AA, Denbow DM, Weaver WD (1990) Neonatally-induced thermotolerance: physiological responses. Comp Biochem Physiol 95(3):393–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(90)90238-N

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker DH (2009) Advances in protein–amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids 37(1):29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0198-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Ronchi B, Nardone A (2010) Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants. Animal 4(07):1167–1183. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111000090X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boling-Frankenbach SD, Snow JL, Parsons CM, Baker DH (2001) The effect of citric acid on the calcium and phosphorus requirements of chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets. Poult Sci 80(6):783–788. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.6.783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borges SA, Fischer da Silva AV, Majorka A, Hooge DM, Cummings KR (2004) Physiological responses of broiler chickens to heat stress and dietary electrolyte balance (sodium plus potassium minus chloride, milliequivalents per kilogram). Poult Sci 83(9):1551–1558. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.9.1551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen SJ, Washburn KW (1984) Preconditioning to heat stress by a nontemperature stressor. Poult Sci 63(5):917–919. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0630917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boudouma D, Tefiel H (2012) Performances du poulet de chair acclimaté et élevé en conditions chaudes dans le Nord de l'Algérie. Livest Res Rural Dev 24

  • Bowen SJ, Washburn KW (1985) Thyroid and adrenal response to heat stress in chickens and quail differing in heat tolerance. Poult Sci 64(1):149–154. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0640149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capcarova M, Kalafova A, Hrncar C, Kopecky J, Weis J (2014) Comparative analysis of acetic and citric acid on internal milieu of broiler chickens. Potravinarstvo 8(1):190–195. https://doi.org/10.5219/379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cogburn LA, Freeman RM (1987) Response surface of daily thyroid hormone rhythms in young chickens exposed to constant ambient temperature. Gen Comp Endocrinol 68(1):113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(87)90066-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collin A, Berri C, Tesseraud S, Rodon FER, Skiba-Cassy S, Crochet S, Duclos MJ, Rideau N, Tona K, Buyse J, Bruggeman V, Decuypere E, Picard M, Yahav S (2007) Effects of thermal manipulation during early and late embryogenesis on thermotolerance and breast muscle characteristics in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 86(5):795–800. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.5.795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalkilic B, Simsek UG, Ciftci M, Baykalir Y (2015) Effect of dietary orange peel essential oil on physiological, biochemical and metabolic responses of Japanese quails as affected by early age thermal conditioning and fasting. Rev Med Vet 166:154–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darre MJ, Harrison PC (1987) Heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance of single comb white leghorn hens during an acute exposure to 35 c ambient temperature. Poult Sci 66(3):541–547. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0660541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daskiran M, Teeter RG, Vanhooser SL, Gibson ML, Roura E (2004) Effect of dietary acidification on mortality rates, general performance, carcass characteristics, and serum chemistry of broilers exposed to cycling high ambient temperature stress1. J Appl Poultry Res 13(4):605–613. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/13.4.605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deaton JW, Reece FN, Tarver WJ (1969) Hematocrit, hemoglobin and plasma protein levels of broilers reared under constant temperatures. Poult Sci 48(6):1993–1996. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0481993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Basilio V, Vilarino M, Yahav S, Picard M (2001) Early age thermal conditioning and a dual feeding program for male broilers challenged by heat stress. Poult Sci 80(1):29–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Basilio V, Requena F, Leon A, Vilarino M, Picard M (2003) Early age thermal conditioning immediately reduces body temperature of broiler chicks in a tropical environment. Poult Sci 82(8):1235–1241. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.8.1235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dei HK, Bumbie GZ (2011) Effect of wet feeding on growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate. Br Poult Sci 52(1):82–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.540230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donkoh A (1989) Ambient temperature: a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens. Int J Biometeorol 33(4):259–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01051087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunnington EA, Siegel PB (1984) Thermoregulation in newly hatched chicks. Poult Sci 63(7):1303–1313. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0631303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farran MT, Halaby WS, Barbour GW, Uwayjan MG, Sleiman FT, Ashkarian VM (2005) Effects of feeding ervil (Vicia ervilia) seeds soaked in water or acetic acid on performance and internal organ size of broilers and production and egg quality of laying hens. Poult Sci 84(11):1723–1728. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.11.1723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes J, Santos TC, Kaneko IN et al (2016) Effect of thermal embryonic manipulation on the quality of male and female broiler meat submitted to thermal stress pre-slaughter. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 18(2):343–350. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fushimi T, Suruga K, Oshima Y, Fukiharu M, Tsukamoto Y, Goda T (2006) Dietary acetic acid reduces serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Br J Nutr 95(5):916–924. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061740

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garriga C, Hunter RR, Amat C, Planas JM, et al (2006) Heat stress increases apical glucose transport in the chicken jejunum. AJP: Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol 290:R195–R201. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00393.2005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geraert PA, Padilha JCF, Guillaumin S (1996) Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: growth performance, body composition and energy retention. Br J Nutr 75(02):195–204. https://doi.org/10.1017/BJN19960124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghazalah AA, Atta AM, Elkloub K, Moustafa MEL, Shata RFH (2011) Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, nutrients digestibility and health of broiler chicks. Int J Poult Sci 10(3):176–184. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.176.184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Günal M (2013) The effects of early-age thermal manipulation and daily short-term fasting on performance and body temperatures in broiler exposed to heat stress: heat stress, thermal manipulation, fasting, broiler. J Physiol Animal Nutr doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01330.x

  • Hassan AM, May AbdelA H, Reddy PG (2009) Effect of some water supplements on the performance and immune system of chronically heat-stressed broiler chicks. Int J Poult Sci 8(5):432–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan AM, Reddy PG (2012) Early age thermal conditioning improves broiler chick’s response to acute heat stress at marketing age. Am J Anim Vet Sci 7(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2012.1.6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heidari M, Moeini MM, Nanekarani SH (2013) Effect of vitamin C, acetylsalicylic, NaHCO3 and KCL supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens under heat stress condition. J Agr Technol 9:323–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilmann PE, Scott NR, Van Tienhoven A (1985) Physiological responses and adaptations to hot and cold environments. In: Yousef MK (ed) Stress physiology in livestock. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston CS, Steplewska I, Long CA, Harris LN, Ryals RH (2010) Examination of the antiglycemic properties of vinegar in healthy adults. Annals of. Nutr Metab 56(1):74–79. https://doi.org/10.1159/000272133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadim IT, Al-Marzooqi W, Mahgoub O et al (2008) Effect of acetic acid supplementation on egg quality characteristics of commercial laying hens during hot season. Int J Poult Sci 7:1015–1021

    Google Scholar 

  • Kataria N, Kataria AN, Gahlot AK (2008) Ambient temperature associated variation in serum hormones and interrelated analysis of broiler chickens in arid tract. Solv Vet Res 45:127–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan WA, Khan A, Anjum AD, Urrehman Z (2002) Effects of induced heat stress on some biochemical values in broiler chicks. Int J Agric Biol 4:74–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Kishi M, Fukaya M, Tsukamoto Y et al (1999) Enhancing effect of dietary vinegar on the intestinal absorption of calcium in ovariectomized rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63(5):905–910. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.63.905

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Král M, Angelovičová M, Mrázová Ľ et al (2011) Probiotic and acetic acid of broiler chickens performance. Sci Papers Animal Sci Biotechnol 44:149–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Lara L, Rostagno M (2013) Impact of heat stress on poultry production. Animals 3(2):356–369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3020356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Jiao HC, Buyse J, Decuypere E (2006) Strategies for preventing heat stress in poultry. World’s Poultry Sci J 62(01):71–86. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS200585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Malheiros RD, Moraes VMB et al (2004) Acclimation of broiler chickens to chronic high environmental temperature. Arch Geflügelkd 68:39–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoodi M, Hosseini-zijoud SM, Hassanshahi G et al (2013) The effect of white vinegar on some blood biochemical factors in type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Endocrinol 4:1–5. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDE12.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May JD, Deaton JW, Branton SL (1987) Body temperature of acclimated broilers during exposure to high temperature. Poult Sci 66(2):378–380. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0660378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May JD, Deaton JW, Reece FN, Branton SL (1986) Effect of acclimation and heat stress on thyroid hormone concentration. Poult Sci 65(6):1211–1213. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0651211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNabb FM (1995) Thyroid hormones, their activation, degradation and effects on metabolism. J Nutr 125:1773–1776

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehl GA, Tebaldi C (2004) More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Science 305(5686):994–997. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1098704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nourmohammadi R, Mohammad HS, Farhangfar H (2010) Effect of dietary acidification on some blood parameters and weekly performance of broiler chickens. J Anim Vet Adv 9(24):3092–3097. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.3092.3097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Östman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, Björck I (2005) Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 59(9):983–988. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez M, De Basilio V, Colina Y, Oliveros Y, Yahav S, Picard M, Bastianelli D (2006) Evaluation du niveau de stress thermique par mesure de la température corporelle et du niveau d’hyperventilation chez le poulet de chair dans des conditions de production au Venezuela. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 59(1-4):81–90. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips JG, Butler PJ, Sharp PJ (1985) Physiological strategies in avian biology. Blackie, Glasgow

    Google Scholar 

  • Post J, Rebel J, ter Huurne A (2003) Automated blood cell count: a sensitive and reliable method to study corticosterone-related stress in broilers. Poult Sci 82(4):591–595. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.4.591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinteiro-Filho WM, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, Sakai M, Sa LRM, Ferreira AJP, Palermo-Neto J (2010) Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 89(9):1905–1914. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashidi AA, Ivari YG, Khatibjoo A, Vakili R (2010) Effects of dietary fat, vitamin E and zinc on immune response and blood parameters of broiler reared under heat stress. Res J Poultry Sci 3:32–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren H, Endo H, Watanabe E, Hayashi T (1997) Chemical and sensory characteristics of Chinese, Korean and Japanese vinegars. J Tokyo Univ Fish 84:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyns GE, Janssens KA, Buyse J, Kühn ER, Darras VM (2002) Changes in thyroid hormone levels in chicken liver during fasting and refeeding. Comp Biochem Physiol B: Biochem Mol Biol 132(1):239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00528-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahnoune F, Belhamel M, Zelmat M, Kerbachi R (2013) Climate change in Algeria: vulnerability and strategy of mitigation and adaptation. Energy Procedia 36:1286–1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setorki M, Nazari B, Asgary S et al (2010) Acute effects of apple cider vinegar intake on some biochemical risk factors of atherosclerosis in rabbits fed with a high cholesterol diet. Qom Univ Med Sci 3:11–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Shishehbor F, Mansouri A, Sarkaki A et al (2007) The effect of white vinegar on fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats. Iran. J Endocrinol Metab 9:69–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohail MU, Ijaz A, Yousaf MS, Ashraf K, Zaneb H, Aleem M, Rehman H (2010) Alleviation of cyclic heat stress in broilers by dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide and Lactobacillus-based probiotic: dynamics of cortisol, thyroid hormones, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and humoral immunity. Poult Sci 89(9):1934–1938. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokołowicz Z, Herbut E (1999) Effect of chronic high temperature stress on thyroid activity and metabolic rate of broiler pullets cockerels. Ann Anim Sci 26:377–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Stambouli AB (2011) Promotion of renewable energies in Algeria: strategies and perspectives. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15(2):1169–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Star L, Decuypere E, Parmentier HK, Kemp B (2008) Effect of single or combined climatic and hygienic stress in four layer lines: 2. Endocrine and oxidative stress responses. Poult Sci 87(6):1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St-Pierre NR, Cobanov B, Schnitkey G (2003) Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J Dairy Sci 86:E52–E77. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74040-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie PD, Griminger P (1986) Body fluids: blood. In: Sturkie PD (ed) Avian physiology. Springer-Verlag, New York.Inc, pp 102–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tanizawa H, Shiraishi J, Kawakami S-I et al (2014) Effect of short-term thermal conditioning on physiological and behavioral responses to subsequent acute heat exposure in chicks. J Poult Sci 51(1):80–86. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0130040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teeter RG, Smith MO, Wiernusz CJ (1992) Research note: broiler acclimation to heat distress and feed intake effects on body temperature in birds exposed to thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures. Poult Sci 71(6):1101–1104. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0711101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temim S, Bedrani L, Ain Baziz H et al (2009) Effet de l'acclimatation précoce sur les performances de croissance et la morphométrie intestinale des poulets de chair élevés en conditions estivales méditerranéennes. Eur J Sci Res 38:110–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Tollba AAH (2010) Reduction of broilers intestinal pathogenic micro-flora under normal or stressed condition. Egypt. Poult Sci 30:249–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Toplu HDO, Tunca R, Aypak SU et al (2014) Effects of heat conditioning and dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on heat shock protein 70 expression, blood parameters and fear-related behavior in broilers subjected to heat stress. Acta Sci Vet 42:1179

    Google Scholar 

  • Vecerek V, Strakova E, Suchy P, Voslarova E (2002) Influence of high environmental temperature on production and haematological and biochemical indexes in broiler chickens. Czek J Anim Sci 47:176–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Winder WW, Hardie DG (1999) AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in type 2 diabetes. Am J Phys 277:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahav S, Plavnick I (1999) Effect of early-age thermal conditioning and food restriction on performance and thermotolerance of male broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 40(1):120–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669987944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yahav S, Goldfeld S, Plavnik I, Hurwitz S (1995) Physiological responses of chickens and turkeys to relative humidity during exposure to high ambient temperature. J Therm Biol 20(3):245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)00046-L

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahav S, Hurwitz S (1996) Induction of thermotolerance in male broiler chickens by temperature conditioning at an early age. Poult Sci 75(3):402–406. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0750402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yahav S, Shamay A, Horev G, Bar-Ilan D, Genina O, Friedman-Einat M (1997) Effect of acquisition of improved thermotolerance on the induction of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 76(10):1428–1434. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.10.1428

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yalcin S, Bruggeman V, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Cabuk M, Siegel PB (2009) Acclimation to heat during incubation: 4. Blood hormones and metabolites in broilers exposed to daily high temperatures. Poult Sci 88(9):2006–2013. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh CC (1992) Effect of acute heat stress on the blood characteristics of Taiwan country chickens and broilers. J Chin Soc Anim Sci 21:57–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou WT, Fujita M, Yamamoto S (1999) Effects of ambient temperatures on blood viscosity and plasma protein concentration of broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). J Therm Biol 24(2):105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4565(98)00045-X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de recherches Santé et Productions Animales, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Oued Smar, Alger, Algerie

    Zahra Berrama, Soraya Temim, Baya Djellout, Samir Souames & Hassina Ain Baziz

  2. Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium

    Nassim Moula

Authors
  1. Zahra Berrama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Soraya Temim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Baya Djellout
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Samir Souames
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nassim Moula
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hassina Ain Baziz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zahra Berrama.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Berrama, Z., Temim, S., Djellout, B. et al. The effects of early age thermal conditioning and vinegar supplementation of drinking water on physiological responses of female and male broiler chickens reared under summer Mediterranean temperatures. Int J Biometeorol 62, 1039–1048 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1507-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1507-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation