Abstract
Key message
Qinghai spruce at different elevations showed inconsistent growth trends and responses to climate change.
Abstract
Under global warming, mountains in arid and semi-arid regions have become the main ecologically vulnerable areas affected by climate change. Northwest China has experienced intermittent climate change in recent decades that can be divided into three periods: steady change (T1), a rapid temperature increase (T2) and a warming hiatus (T3). How this unsteady change in climate has affected the growth and response of trees at different elevations in the region remains unclear. Therefore, we established three standard chronologies of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) at high, middle and low elevations in the central Qilian Mountains to investigate its responses during different periods. We drew three primary conclusions. First, trees at high elevations are primarily impacted by higher temperatures, while trees at middle and low elevations are mainly impacted by water stress due to drought. Second, trees at the three elevations showed unstable responses to all temperature factors, while those at the middle and low elevations showed relatively stable responses to total precipitation in the late growing season of the previous year. Third, different interannual growth variations were observed at the three elevations, indicating a nonsignificant change at high elevations and significant declines at middle and low elevations. At the same time, growth patterns were different for the three climatic periods. Therefore, the dominant conifers at different elevations of the Qilian Mountains showed inconsistent responses during different periods. It is necessary to take effective measures to manage forest ecosystems according to spatial and temporal adaptation strategies for climate change.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Adams HD, Barron-Gafford GA, Minor RL, Gardea AA, Bentley LP, Law DJ, Breshears DD, Mcdowell NG, Huxman TE (2017) Temperature response surfaces for mortality risk of tree species with future drought. Environ Res Lett 12:115014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa93be
Allen RG (2006) Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Fao Irrigat Drain Paper 56:300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.12.001
Andreu L, Gutiérrez E, Macias M, Ribas M, Camarero JJ (2010) Climate increases regional tree-growth variability in Iberian pine forests. Glob Change Biol 13:804–815. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01322.x
Barbeito I, Dawes MA, Rixen C, Bebi SP (2012) Factors driving mortality and growth at treeline: a 30-year experiment of 92,000 conifers. Ecology 93:389–401. https://doi.org/10.2307/23143919
Biondi F, Waikul K (2004) DENDROCLIM2002: A C++ program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies. Comput Geosci 30:303–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2003.11.004
Bosela M, Lukac M, Castagneri D, Sedmák R, Biber P, Carrer M, Konôpka B, Nola P, Nagel TA, Popa I (2018) Contrasting effects of environmental change on the radial growth of co-occurring beech and fir trees across Europe. Sci Total Environ 615:1460–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.092
Brandes A, Albuquerque RP, Lisi CS, Lemos D, Barros CF (2021) The growth responses of Araucaria angustifolia to climate are adjusted both spatially and temporally at its northern distribution limit. For Ecol Manage 487:119024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119024
Briffa KR, Schweingruber FH, Jones PD, Osborn TJ, Shiyatov SG, Vaganov EA (1998) Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes. Nature 391:678–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/35596
Buermann W, Parida B, Jung M, Macdonald GM, Tucker CJ, Reichstein M (2014) Recent shift in Eurasian boreal forest greening response may be associated with warmer and drier summers. Geophys Res Lett 41:1995–2002. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059450
Chang X, Zhao W, He Z (2014) Radial pattern of sap flow and response to microclimate and soil moisture in Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) in the upper Heihe River Basin of arid northwestern China. Agric for Meteorol 187:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.11.004
Charney ND, Babst F, Poulter B, Record S, Trouet VM, Frank D, Enquist BJ, Evans MEK, Calcagno V (2016) Observed forest sensitivity to climate implies large changes in 21st century North American forest growth. Ecol Lett 19:1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12650
Chen F, Yuan Y, Wei W (2011) Climatic response of Picea crassifolia tree-ring parameters and precipitation reconstruction in the western Qilian Mountains, China. J Arid Environ 75:1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.06.010
Chen L, Huang JG, Stadt KJ, Comeau PG, Zhai L, Dawson A, Alam SA (2017) Drought explains variation in the radial growth of white spruce in western Canada. Agric for Meteorol 233:133–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.11.012
Chen F, Chen Y, Bakhtiyorov Z, Zhang H, Man W, Chen F (2020) Central Asian river streamflows have not continued to increase during the recent warming hiatus. Atmos Res 246:105124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105124
Cook E (1985) A time series analysis approach to tree ring standardization (dendrochronology, forestry, dendroclimatology, autoregressive process). The University of Arizona
Edenhofer PR, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S (2014) IPCC, 2014: climate change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Gao L, Gou X, Deng Y, Liu W, Yang M, Zhao Z (2013a) Climate–growth analysis of Qilian juniper across an altitudinal gradient in the central Qilian Mountains, northwest China. Trees 27:379–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0776-6
Gao L, Gou X, Deng Y, Yang M, Zhao Z, Cao Z (2013b) Dendroclimatic response of Picea crassifolia along an altitudinal gradient in the Eastern Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Arct Antarct Alp Res 45:491–499. https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-45.4.491
Gao L, Gou X, Deng Y, Wang Z, Gu F, Wang F (2018) Increased growth of Qinghai spruce in northwestern China during the recent warming hiatus. Agric for Meteorol 260–261:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.025
Gao S, Liang E, Liu R, Babst F, Camarero JJ, Fu YH, Piao S, Rossi S, Shen M, Peñuelas TWJ (2022) An earlier start of the thermal growing season enhances tree growth in cold humid areas but not in dry areas. Nat Ecol Evol 6:397–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01668-4
Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E, Popa I, Andreu-Hayles L, Motta R, Nola P, Ribas M, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Urbinati C (2015) Distinct effects of climate warming on populations of silver fir (Abies alba) across Europe. J Biogeogr 42:1150–1162. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12512
Gea-Izquierdo G, Cherubini P, Canellas I (2011) Tree-rings reflect the impact of climate change on Quercus ilex L. along a temperature gradient in Spain over the last 100 years. For Ecol Manage 262:1807–1816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.07.025
Gou X, Chen F, Yang M, Li J, Peng J, Jin L (2005) Climatic response of thick leaf spruce (Picea crassifolia) tree-ring width at different elevations over Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. J Arid Environ 61:513–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.011
Gou X, Deng Y, Gao L, Chen F, Cook E, Yang M, Zhang F (2015a) Millennium tree-ring reconstruction of drought variability in the eastern Qilian Mountains, northwest China. Clim Dyn 45:1761–1770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2431-y
Gou X, Gao L, Deng Y, Chen F, Yang M, Still C (2015b) An 850-year tree-ring-based reconstruction of drought history in the western Qilian Mountains of northwestern China. Int J Climatol 35:3308–3319. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4208
Grissino-Mayer H (2009) Preface an introduction to dendroarchaeology In the southeastern United States. Tree-Ring Res 65:5–10. https://doi.org/10.3959/2008-19.1
Guan X, Huang J, Guo R, Pu L (2015) The role of dynamically induced variability in the recent warming trend slowdown over the Northern Hemisphere. Sci Rep 5:12669. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12669
Guo M, Zhang Y, Liu S, Gu F, Wang X, Li Z, Shi C, Fan Z (2019) Divergent growth between spruce and fir at alpine treelines on the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau in response to recent climate warming. Agric for Meteorol 276–277:107631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107631
Hanna P, Kulakowski D (2012) The influences of climate on aspen dieback. For Ecol Manage 274:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.009
Hogg EH, Michaelian M, Hook TI, Undershultz ME (2017) Recent climatic drying leads to age-independent growth reductions of white spruce stands in western Canada. Glob Change Biol 23:5297–5308. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13795
Holmes RL (1983) Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bull 43:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1006/biol.1999.0214
Huang X, Dai D, Xiang Y, Yan Z, Xiao W (2021) Radial growth of Pinus massoniana is influenced by temperature, precipitation, and site conditions on the regional scale: a meta-analysis based on tree-ring width index. Ecol Ind 126:107659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107659
Hughes MK, Swetnam TW, Diaz HF (2011) Tree rings and climate: sharpening the focus. Springer, Netherlands
Jean-Christophe D, Jérme O, Asko N, Julien J, Michael G, Emrys T, Sun G, Mcnulty SG, King JS (2012) Interactive effects of nocturnal transpiration and climate change on the root hydraulic redistribution and carbon and water budgets of southern United States pine plantations. Tree Physiol 32:707–723. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps018
Jiao L, Jiang Y, Zhang WT, Wang MC, Zhang LN, Zhao SD (2015) Divergent responses to climate factors in the radial growth of Larix sibirica in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, northwest China. Trees 29:1673–1686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1248-6
Jiao L, Jiang Y, Wang M, Kang X, Zhang W, Zhang L, Zhao S (2016) Responses to climate change in radial growth of Picea schrenkiana along elevations of the eastern Tianshan Mountains, northwest China. Dendrochronologia 40:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2016.09.002
Karl TR, Arguez A, Huang B, Lawrimore JH, McMahon JR, Menne MJ, Peterson TC, Vose RS, Zhang H-M (2015) Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus. Science 348:1469–1472. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5632
Kendall MG (1990) Rank correlation methods. Br J Psychol 25:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1934.tb00727.x
Kharal DK, Meilby H, Rayamajhi S, Bhuju D, Thapa UK (2015) Tree ring variability and climate response of Abies spectabilis along an elevation gradient in Mustang. Nepal Banko Janakari 24:3–13. https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v24i1.13473
Kharal DK, Thapa UK, George SS, Meilby H, Bhuju DR (2017) Tree-climate relations along an elevational transect in Manang Valley, central Nepal. Dendrochronologia 41:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2016.04.004
Kolář T, Čermák P, Trnka M, Žid T, Rybníček M (2017) Temporal changes in the climate sensitivity of Norway spruce and European beech along an elevation gradient in Central Europe. Agric for Meteorol 239:24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.028
Korner C (2015) Paradigm shift in plant growth control. Curr Opin Plant Biol 25:107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.003
Lechuga V, Carraro V, Viegla B, Carreira JA, Linares JC (2017) Reprint of “Managing drought-sensitive forests under global change. Low competition enhances long-term growth and water uptake in Abies pinsapo.” For Ecol Manage 406:72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.017
Li W, Jiang Y, Dong M, Du E, Wu F, Zhao S, Xu H (2021) Species-specific growth-climate responses of Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) and Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in the Greater Khingan Range, northeast China. Dendrochronologia 65:125803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125803
Liang E, Shao XM, Eckstein D, Liu XH (2010) Spatial variability of tree growth along a latitudinal transect in the Qilian Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Can J for Res-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 40:200–211. https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-186
Liang E, Leuschner C, Dulamsuren C, Wagner B, Hauck M (2016) Global warming-related tree growth decline and mortality on the north-eastern Tibetan plateau. Clim Change 134:163–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1531-y
Liu X (2019) Regional and Local Moisture Gradients Drive the Resistance to and Recovery from Drought of Picea crassifolia Kom. in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Forests 10:817. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090817
Longo M, Knox RG, Levine NM, Alves LF, Bonal D, Ca Margo PB, Fitzjarrald DR, Hayek MN, Restrepo-Coupe N, Saleska SR (2018) Ecosystem heterogeneity and diversity mitigate Amazon forest resilience to frequent extreme droughts. New Phytol 219:845–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15185
Luedeling E, Girvetz EH, Semenov MA, Brown PH (2011) Climate change affects winter chill for temperate fruit and nut trees. PLoS ONE 6:e20155. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020155
Luo Y, Chen HYH, McIntire EJB, Andison DW, Gilliam F (2018) Divergent temporal trends of net biomass change in western Canadian boreal forests. J Ecol 107:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13033
Merlin M, Perot T, Perret S, Korboulewsky N, Vallet P (2015) Effects of stand composition and tree size on resistance and resilience to drought in sessile oak and Scots pine. For Ecol Manage 339:22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.032
Mu Y-M, Zhang Q-B, Fang O, Lyu L, Cherubini P (2021) Pervasive tree-growth reduction in Tibetan juniper forests. For Ecol Manage 480:118642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118642
Podlaski R (2021) Variability in radial increment can predict an abrupt decrease in tree growth during forest decline: tree-ring patterns of Abies alba Mill. in near-natural forests. For Ecol Manage 479:118579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118579
Pretzsch H, Biber P, Schütze G, Uhl E, Rotzer T (2014) Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nature Commun 5:4967. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5967
Proutsos N, Tigkas D (2020) Growth response of endemic black pine trees to meteorological variations and drought episodes in a Mediterranean region. Atmosphere 11:554. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060554
Raúl S-S, Jesus J, Camarero E, Gutiérrez F, González R (2016) Assessing forest vulnerability to climate warming using a process-based model of tree growth: bad prospects for rear-edges. Glob Change Biol 23:2705–2719. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13541
Rong Z, Zhao C, Liu J, Gao Y, Zang F, Guo Z, Mao Y, Wang L (2019) Modeling the effect of climate change on the potential distribution of Qinghai Spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) in Qilian Mountains. Forests 10:62. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010062
Rossi S, Bordeleau A, Morin H, Houle D (2013) The effects of N-enriched rain and warmer soil on the ectomycorrhizae of black spruce remain inconclusive in the short term. Ann for Sci 70:825–834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0329-1
Seidl R, Thom D, Kautz M, Martin-Benito D, Peltoniemi M, Vacchiano G, Wild J, Ascoli D, Petr M, Honkaniemi J (2017) Forest disturbances under climate change. Nat Clim Chang 7:395. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303
Sen RBPK (1980) Introduction to bivariate and multivariate analysis. J Am Stat Assoc 76:752. https://doi.org/10.2307/2287559
Tian Q, He Z, Xiao S, Peng X, Ding A, Lin P (2017) Response of stem radial growth of Qinghai spruce ( Picea crassifolia ) to environmental factors in the Qilian Mountains of China. Dendrochronologia 44:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2017.04.001
Tolwinski-Ward SE, Evans MN, Hughes MK, Anchukaitis KJ (2011) An efficient forward model of the climate controls on interannual variation in tree-ring width. Clim Dyn 36:2419–2439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0945-5
Vicente-Serrano SM, Beguería S, López-Moreno J (2010) A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. J Clim 23:1696–1718. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1
Wang X, Yang B (2020) Divergent tree radial growth at alpine coniferous forest ecotone and corresponding responses to climate change in northwestern China. Ecol Ind 121:107052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107052
Wang Z, Yang B, Deslauriers A, Brauning A (2015) Intra-annual stem radial increment response of Qilian juniper to temperature and precipitation along an altitudinal gradient in northwestern China. Trees 29:25–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1037-7
Wang B, Chen T, Xu G, Wu M, Zhang G, Li C, Wu G (2018) Anthropogenic-management could mitigate declines in growth and survival of Qinghai spruce ( Picea crassifolia) in the east Qilian Mountains, Northeast Tibetan Plateau. Agric for Meteorol 250–251:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.12.249
Wang B, Yu P, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang S (2019) Differential trends of Qinghai spruce growth with elevation in Northwestern China during the recent warming Hiatus. Forests 10:712. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090712
Wang B, Yu P, Yu Y, Wan Y, Xu L (2020) Effects of canopy position on climate-growth relationships of Qinghai spruce in the central Qilian mountains, northwestern China. Dendrochronologia 64:125756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125756
Watson E, Luckman BH (2004) Tree-ring based reconstructions of precipitation for the southern Canadian cordillera. Clim Change 65:209–241. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000037487.83308.02
Wigley T, Briffa KR, Jones PD (1984) On the average value of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. J Appl Meteorol 23:201–213. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)0232.0.CO;2
Wu G, Liu X, Chen T, Xu G, Wang W, Zeng X, Zhang X (2015) Elevation-dependent variations of tree growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency in Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) in the western Tianshan Mountains. China Frontiers in Plant Science 37:150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00309
Xue R, Jiao L, Qi C, Chen K, Liu X, Du D, Wu X (2022) Growth and response patterns of Picea crassifolia and Pinus tabuliformis to climate factors in the Qilian Mountains, northwest China. Dendrochronologia 71:125905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2021.125905
Yan X, Li Q, Deng Y, Gao L, Gou X (2021) Warming-induced radial growth reduction in Betula albosinensis, eastern Qilian Mountains, China. Ecol Ind 120:106–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106956
Yang J, Zhang W, Feng W, Shen Y (2006) Geographical distribution of testate amoebae in Tibet and northwestern Yunnan and their relationships with climate. Hydrobiologia 559:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-9400-8
Yang B, He M, Shishov V, Tychkov I, Vaganov E, Rossi S, Ljungqvist FC, Brauning A, Griebinger J (2017) New perspective on spring vegetation phenology and global climate change based on Tibetan Plateau tree-ring data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:6966. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616608114
Yao J, Chen Y, Yang Q (2016) Spatial and temporal variability of water vapor pressure in the arid region of northwest China, during 1961–2011. Theoret Appl Climatol 123:683–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1373-6
Yin Z-Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Shao X (2016) Growth–climate relationships along an elevation gradient on a southeast-facing mountain slope in the semi-arid eastern Qaidam Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Trees 30:1095–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1348-3
Zhang T, Zhang R, Yuan Y, Gao Y, Wei W, Diushen M, He Q, Shang H, Wang J (2015) Reconstructed precipitation on a centennial timescale from tree rings in the western Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia. Quatern Int 358:58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.10.054
Zhang G, Yao T, Shum CK, Shuang YK (2017) Lake volume and groundwater storage variations in Tibetan Plateau’s endorheic basin. Geophys Res Lett 44:5550–5560. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073773
Zhang L, Shi H, Yu P, Wang Y, Pan S, Wang B, Tian H (2019a) Divergent growth responses to warming between stand-grown and open-grown trees in a Dryland Montane forest in Northwestern China. Forests 10:1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121133
Zhang X, Bai X, Hou M, Chen Z, Manzanedo RD (2019b) Warmer winter ground temperatures trigger rapid growth of Dahurian Larch in the permafrost forests of Northeast China. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 124:1088–10197. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004882
Zhang L, Wang R, Liu X, Ran Y, Liu X (2020) Age- and region-related response of radial growth to climate warming and a warming hiatus. Trees 34:199–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-019-01911-9
Zheng L, Shi P, Song M, Zhou T, Zhang X (2021) Climate sensitivity of high altitude tree growth across the Hindu Kush Himalaya. For Ecol Manage 486:118963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118963
Zhou H, Chen Y, Zhu C, Li Z, Fu A (2020) Climate change may accelerate the decline of desert riparian forest in the lower Tarim River, Northwestern China: Evidence from tree-rings of Populus euphratica. Ecol Ind 111:105997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105997
Zhou P, Huang J-G, Liang H, Rossi S, Bergeron Y, Shishov VV, Jiang S, Kang J, Zhu H, Dong Z (2021) Radial growth of Larix sibirica was more sensitive to climate at low than high altitudes in the Altai Mountains. China Agr for Meteorol 304–305:108392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108392
Zhu L, Cooper DJ, Yang J, Zhang X, Wang X (2018) Rapid warming induces the contrasting growth of Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis var. microsperma) at two elevation gradient sites of northeast China. Dendrochronologia 50:52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.05.002
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41861006), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 20JR10RA093) and the Research Ability Promotion Program for Young Teachers of Northwest Normal University (NWNU-LKQN2019-4). We also thank the anonymous referees for their helpful comments on the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41861006), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 20JR10RA093) and the Research Ability Promotion Program for Young Teachers of Northwest Normal University (NWNU-LKQN2019-4). We also thank the anonymous referees for helpful comments on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publishing of the paper.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal participants performed by any of the authors.
Consent to participate
All the authors participated in the paper and agreed to submit this manuscript to Trees-Structure and Function.
Consent to publish
All the authors have approved the manuscript and have agreed to publish the manuscript in Trees-Structure and Function.
Additional information
Communicated by Eryuan Liang.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Du, D., Jiao, L., Wu, X. et al. Responses of radial growth of Picea crassifolia to climate change over three periods at different elevations in the Qilian Mountains, northwest China. Trees 36, 1721–1734 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-022-02323-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-022-02323-y