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Expression divergence of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes after a recent whole genome duplication event in Populus

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Secondary cell wall-associated CesA genes in Populus have undergone a functional differentiation in expression pattern that may be attributable to evolutionary alteration of regulatory modules.

Gene duplication is an important mechanism for functional divergence of genes. Secondary cell wall-associated cellulose synthase genes (CesA4, CesA7 and CesA8) are duplicated in Populus plants due to a recent whole genome duplication event. Here, we demonstrate that duplicate CesA genes show tissue-dependent expression divergence in Populus plants. Real-time PCR analysis of Populus CesA genes suggested that Pt × tCesA8-B was more highly expressed than Pt × tCesA8-A in phloem and secondary xylem tissue of mature stem. Histochemical and histological analyses of transformants expressing a GFP-GUS fusion gene driven by Populus CesA promoters revealed that the duplicate CesA genes showed different expression patterns in phloem fibers, secondary xylem, root cap and leaf trichomes. We predicted putative cis-regulatory motifs that regulate expression of secondary cell wall-associated CesA genes, and identified 19 motifs that are highly conserved in the CesA gene family of eudicotyledonous plants. Furthermore, a transient transactivation assay identified candidate transcription factors that affect levels and patterns of expression of Populus CesA genes. The present study reveals that secondary cell wall-associated CesA genes in Populus have undergone a functional differentiation in expression pattern that may be attributable to evolutionary alteration of regulatory modules.

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Abbreviations

CaMV35S:

Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S

CesA:

Cellulose synthase

CSC:

Cellulose synthase complex

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

EmGFP:

Emerald green fluorescent protein

GUS:

β-Glucuronidase

JTT:

Jones–Taylor–Thornton

LBD:

LOB domain-containing protein

LUC:

Luciferase

M46RE:

MYB46-responsive cis-element

MBSIIG:

MYB binding site IIG

NAC:

NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2

NJ:

Neighbor-joining

RLUC:

Renilla reniformis luciferase

UBQ:

Ubiquitin

WGD:

Whole genome duplication

ZF:

Zinc-finger protein

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Acknowledgments

We thank Prof. Masaaki Sakuta for a gift of pUC18-CaMV35S::LUC and pUC18-CaMV35S::RLUC constructs. We thank Dr. Misato Ohtani (Nara Institute of Science and Technology) for helpful advice on luciferase transient expression assays. We are grateful to Ms. Maki Konnai and Tomoko Okuyama in our laboratory for their technical assistance. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Start-up) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23880029 to NT).

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Bio-Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan

    Naoki Takata & Toru Taniguchi

  2. Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan

    Toru Taniguchi

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  1. Naoki Takata
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Correspondence to Naoki Takata.

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Takata, N., Taniguchi, T. Expression divergence of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes after a recent whole genome duplication event in Populus . Planta 241, 29–42 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2217-9

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