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The role of voltage-gated ion channels in visual function and disease in mammalian photoreceptors

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Abstract

Light activation of the classical light-sensing retinal neurons, the photoreceptors, results in a graded change in membrane potential that ultimately leads to a reduction in neurotransmitter release to the post-synaptic retinal neurons. Photoreceptors show striking powers of adaptation, and for visual processing to function optimally, they must adjust their gain to remain responsive to different levels of ambient light intensity. The presence of a tightly controlled balance of inward and outward currents modulated by several different types of ion channels is what gives photoreceptors their remarkably dynamic operating range. Part of the resetting and modulation of this operating range is controlled by potassium and calcium voltage-gated channels, which are involved in setting the dark resting potential and synapse signal processing, respectively. Their essential contribution to visual processing is further confirmed in patients suffering from cone dystrophy with supernormal rod response (CDSRR) and congenital stationary night blindness type 2 (CSNB2), both conditions that lead to irreversible vision loss. This review will discuss these two types of voltage-gated ion channels present in photoreceptors, focussing on their structure and physiology, and their role in visual processing. It will also discuss the use and benefits of knockout mouse models to further study the function of these channels and what routes to potential treatments could be applied for CDSRR and CSNB2.

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This work was funded by the Lions Eye Institute (LSC, DMH).

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  1. Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia

    Rabab Rashwan, David M. Hunt & Livia S. Carvalho

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

    Rabab Rashwan

  3. Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia

    David M. Hunt & Livia S. Carvalho

  4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia

    David M. Hunt

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This article is part of the special issue on Function and Dysfunction in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells in Pflügers Archiv—European Journal of Physiology

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Rashwan, R., Hunt, D.M. & Carvalho, L.S. The role of voltage-gated ion channels in visual function and disease in mammalian photoreceptors. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 473, 1455–1468 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02595-2

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