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Transporters of glucose and other carbohydrates in bacteria

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Abstract

Glucose arguably is the most important energy carrier, carbon source for metabolites and building block for biopolymers in all kingdoms of life. The proper function of animal organs and tissues depends on the continuous supply of glucose from the bloodstream. Most animals can resorb only a small number of monosaccharides, mostly glucose, galactose and fructose, while all other sugars oligosaccharides and dietary fibers are degraded and metabolized by the microbiota of the lower intestine. Bacteria, in contrast, are omnivorous. They can import and metabolize structurally different sugars and, as a consortium of different species, utilize almost any sugar, sugar derivative and oligosaccharide occurring in nature. Bacteria have membrane transport systems for the uptake of sugars against steep concentration gradients energized by ATP, the proton motive force and the high energy glycolytic intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Different uptake mechanisms and the broad range of overlapping substrate specificities allow bacteria to quickly adapt to and colonize changing environments. Here, we review the structures and mechanisms of bacterial representatives of (i) ATP-dependent cassette (ABC) transporters, (ii) major facilitator (MFS) superfamily proton symporters, (iii) sodium solute symporters (SSS) and (iv) enzyme II integral membrane subunits of the bacterial PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS). We give a short overview on the distribution of transporter genes and their phylogenetic relationship in different bacterial species. Some sugar transporters are hijacked for import of bacteriophage DNA and antibacterial toxins (bacteriocins) and they facilitate the penetration of polar antibiotics. Finally, we describe how the expression and activity of certain sugar transporters are controlled in response to the availability of sugars and how the presence and uptake of sugars may affect pathogenicity and host-microbiota interactions.

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Acknowledgements

BE would like to thank his former collaborators for their commitment, and the Universities of Basel, Marburg and Bern, the DFG and the SNF for their generous support.

Funding

J.-M. J. was supported by the University of Bern, the National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants to Prof. Dimitrios Fotiadis, University of Bern, Switzerland).

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  1. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    Jean-Marc Jeckelmann & Bernhard Erni

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This article is part of the special issue on Glucose Transporters in Health and Disease in Pflügers Archiv—European Journal of Physiology

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Jeckelmann, JM., Erni, B. Transporters of glucose and other carbohydrates in bacteria. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 472, 1129–1153 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02379-0

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