Abstract
Purpose
To determine whether estimated maximal oxygen consumption (\({{e\dot{V}O}}_{2\max }\)) can detect cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) changes by behavioral modifications. This study compared changes in measured \({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max (m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max) through exercise intervention with e\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max using a multiple regression model (MRM) and linear extrapolation method (LEM).
Methods
A cross-sectional analysis involving 173 adults was conducted to establish an MRM by including age, sex, body mass index, questionnaire score, heart rate (HR) from step test, and m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max. Subsequently, 15 men participated in an intervention experiment comprising an 8-week, high-intensity interval training, followed by 8-week detraining, and completed anthropometric measurements, questionnaires, step tests, and m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max tests. m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max changes throughout the intervention were compared to e\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max changes calculated using the MRM and LEM. The LEM used the HR during the step test with constant values (predetermined \({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2), such as the Chester step test.
Results
Inclusion of the step test HR in a questionnaire-based MRM improved the estimation power, although the MRM underestimated higher m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max values. In the intervention, m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max increased by 20.0 ± 14.1% (P < 0.01) and subsequently decreased by 9.5 ± 6.6% (P < 0.01) after exercise training and detraining, respectively. Significant method × time interactions were observed between m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max and e\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max in the MRM but not in the LEM, i.e., an apparent systematic error (underestimation of high values) of the MRM was absent in the LEM, although the correlation between m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max and e\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max using the LEM was moderate.
Conclusion
e\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max, particularly using the MRM with HR as an explanatory factor, is not an appropriate method for detecting CRF changes along with behavioral modifications.
Clinical trial registration
Registered number, UMIN000041031; Registered date, 2020/07/08; URL, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000046855.
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Data availability
On reasonable request, derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author after approval from the Ethical Committee of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan.
Abbreviations
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- bpm:
-
Beats per minute
- CRF:
-
Cardiorespiratory fitness
- CST:
-
Chester step test
- e\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max :
-
Estimated maximal oxygen consumption
- HIIT:
-
High-intensity interval training
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- JST:
-
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (J-NIOSH) step test
- LEM:
-
Linear extrapolation method
- LoA:
-
Limits of agreement
- MET:
-
Metabolic equivalent
- MRM:
-
Multiple regression model
- m\({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max :
-
Measured maximal oxygen consumption
- PA:
-
Physical activity
- PRESS:
-
Predicted residual error sum of squares
- R2 :
-
Coefficient of determination
- RPE:
-
Rating of perceived exertion
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- SEE:
-
Standard error of the estimate
- \({\dot{\text{V}}}\)O2max :
-
Maximal oxygen consumption
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Acknowledgements
We thank the researchers and staff members of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, and the THF Corporation for their support in this study.
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The contributions of each author were as follows: TM contributed to developing study concept and design, data acquisition, data analysis, and manuscript writing; RS contributed to developing study concept and design, data acquisition, data analysis, and manuscript revisions; FM contributed to data acquisition, data analysis, and manuscript revisions. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. This study was financially supported by Industrial Disease Clinical Research Grants from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (180902–01) and by funding from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (N-P02-02).
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This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines proposed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethical Committee of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan reviewed and approved the study protocol (ID H2744 and 2019N35).
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Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining to them the aims and design of this study.
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Matsuo, T., So, R. & Murai, F. Estimation methods to detect changes in cardiorespiratory fitness due to exercise training and subsequent detraining. Eur J Appl Physiol 123, 877–889 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05113-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05113-z