Abstract
Magnetic hybrid materials in the form of magnetic gels and elastomers, that is, magnetic or magnetizable colloidal particles embedded in an elastic polymer matrix, are fascinating substances. By addressing and adjusting the magnetic interactions between the particles through external magnetic fields, their overall material properties can be tuned reversibly while in operation. A central goal is to understand how these features can be optimized and which structural properties of the materials determine their overall behavior and its tunability. Mesoscopic theories and modeling are necessary for these purposes, resolving the arrangement of the embedded particles and linking it to the macroscopic scale of the overall material behavior. Here, we overview such recent developments of mesoscopic approaches. Particularly, we address coarse-grained but efficient dipole-spring models, explicit analytical calculations using linear elasticity theory, numerical approaches that allow to characterize nonlinear effects, or density functional theory. In this way, various properties and types of behavior of these materials are revealed, for instance, their reversible tunability of static and dynamic mechanical moduli by magnetic fields, elastic interactions between the embedded particles mediated through the polymeric matrix, or a pronounced and reversibly tunable nonlinear stress–strain behavior. Links from the mesoscopic to the micro- and macroscopic level are outlined. We mention combined efforts of theoretical descriptions, modeling, numerical simulations, and experimental investigations. It becomes evident from our treatment that an integrated approach of theory, simulations, and experiments will significantly increase our further understanding of these materials in the future and will draw possible applications into sight.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allahyarov, E., Löwen, H., Zhu, L.: A simulation study of the electrostriction effects in dielectric elastomer composites containing polarizable inclusions with different spatial distributions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17(48), 32479–32497 (2015)
Allahyarov, E., Löwen, H., Zhu, L.: Dipole correlation effects on the local field and the effective dielectric constant in composite dielectrics containing high-\(k\) inclusions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18(28), 19103–19117 (2016)
Allahyarov, E., Menzel, A.M., Zhu, L., Löwen, H.: Magnetomechanical response of bilayered magnetic elastomers. Smart Mater. Struct. 23(11), 115004 (2014)
Annunziata, M.A., Menzel, A.M., Löwen, H.: Hardening transition in a one-dimensional model for ferrogels. J. Chem. Phys. 138(20), 204906 (2013)
Attaran, A., Brummund, J., Wallmersperger, T.: Modeling and finite element simulation of the magneto-mechanical behavior of ferrogels. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 431, 188–191 (2017)
Babel, S., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Dynamics of a linear magnetic “microswimmer molecule”. EPL (Europhys. Lett.) 113(5), 58003 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/113/58003
Baraban, L., Makarov, D., Streubel, R., Mönch, I., Grimm, D., Sanchez, S., Schmidt, O.G.: Catalytic Janus motors on microfluidic chip: deterministic motion for targeted cargo delivery. ACS Nano 6(4), 3383–3389 (2012)
Bechinger, C., Di Leonardo, R., Löwen, H., Reichhardt, C., Volpe, G., Volpe, G.: Active particles in complex and crowded environments. Rev. Mod. Phys. 88(4), 045006 (2016)
Bender, P., Günther, A., Tschöpe, A., Birringer, R.: Synthesis and characterization of uniaxial ferrogels with Ni nanorods as magnetic phase. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323(15), 2055–2063 (2011)
Biller, A.M., Stolbov, O.V., Raikher, Y.L.: Modeling of particle interactions in magnetorheological elastomers. J. Appl. Phys. 116(11), 114904 (2014)
Biller, A.M., Stolbov, O.V., Raikher, Y.L.: Mesoscopic magnetomechanical hysteresis in a magnetorheological elastomer. Phys. Rev. E 92(2), 023202 (2015)
Bohlius, S., Brand, H.R., Pleiner, H.: Macroscopic dynamics of uniaxial magnetic gels. Phys. Rev. E 70(6), 061411 (2004)
Böse, H., Röder, R.: Magnetorheological elastomers with high variability of their mechanical properties. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 149(1), 012090 (2009)
Brand, H.R., Pleiner, H.: Electrohydrodynamics of nematic liquid crystalline elastomers. Phys. A 208(3–4), 359–372 (1994)
Brangwynne, C.P., MacKintosh, F.C., Kumar, S., Geisse, N.A., Talbot, J., Mahadevan, L., Parker, K.K., Ingber, D.E., Weitz, D.A.: Microtubules can bear enhanced compressive loads in living cells because of lateral reinforcement. J. Cell Biol. 173(5), 733–741 (2006)
Broedersz, C.P., MacKintosh, F.C.: Modeling semiflexible polymer networks. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86(3), 995 (2014)
Buttinoni, I., Volpe, G., Kümmel, F., Volpe, G., Bechinger, C.: Active Brownian motion tunable by light. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 24(28), 284129 (2012)
Chaikin, P.M., Lubensky, T.C.: Principles of Condensed Matter Physics. Cambridge University Press, New York (2000)
Collin, D., Auernhammer, G.K., Gavat, O., Martinoty, P., Brand, H.R.: Frozen-in magnetic order in uniaxial magnetic gels: preparation and physical properties. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24(12), 737–741 (2003)
Cremer, P., Heinen, M., Menzel, A.M., Löwen, H.: A density functional approach to ferrogels. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29(27), 275102 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aa73bd
Cremer, P., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Tailoring superelasticity of soft magnetic materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107(17), 171903 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934698
Cremer, P., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Superelastic stress–strain behavior in ferrogels with different types of magneto–elastic coupling. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18(38), 26670–26690 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP05079D
Delaunay, B.N.: Sur la sphère vide. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR 6, 793–800 (1934)
Dhont, J.K.G.: An Introduction to Dynamics of Colloids. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1996)
Doi, M., Edwards, S.F.: The Theory of Polymer Dynamics. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2007)
Dreyfus, R., Baudry, J., Roper, M.L., Fermigier, M., Stone, H.A., Bibette, J.: Microscopic artificial swimmers. Nature 437(7060), 862–865 (2005)
Elgeti, J., Winkler, R.G., Gompper, G.: Physics of microswimmers—single particle motion and collective behavior: a review. Rep. Prog. Phys. 78(5), 056601 (2015)
Evans, B.A., Fiser, B.L., Prins, W.J., Rapp, D.J., Shields, A.R., Glass, D.R., Superfine, R.: A highly tunable silicone-based magnetic elastomer with nanoscale homogeneity. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324(4), 501–507 (2012)
Evans, R.: Density functional theory for inhomogeneous fluids I: simple fluids in equilibrium. In: Cichocki, B., Napiórkowski, M., Piasecki, J. (eds.) Lecture Notes 3rd Warsaw School of Statistical Physics, pp. 43–85. Warsaw University Press, Warsaw (2010)
Filipcsei, G., Csetneki, I., Szilágyi, A., Zrínyi, M.: Magnetic field-responsive smart polymer composites. Adv. Polym. Sci. 206, 137–189 (2007)
Fujita, T., Jeyadevan, B., Yamaguchi, K., Nishiyama, H.: Preparation, viscosity and damping of functional fluids that respond to both magnetic and electric fields. Powder Technol. 101(3), 279–287 (1999)
de Gennes, P.G.: Weak nematic gels. In: Helfrich, W., Heppke, G. (eds.) Liquid Crystals of One- and Two-Dimensional Order, pp. 231–237. Springer, Berlin (1980)
Goh, S., Menzel, A.M., Löwen, H.: Dynamics in a one-dimensional ferrogel model: relaxation, pairing, shock-wave propagation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20(22), 15037–15051 (2018)
Gundermann, T., Cremer, P., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M., Odenbach, S.: Statistical analysis of magnetically soft particles in magnetorheological elastomers. Smart Mater. Struct. 26(4), 045012 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa5f96
Günther, D., Borin, D.Y., Günther, S., Odenbach, S.: X-ray micro-tomographic characterization of field-structured magnetorheological elastomers. Smart Mater. Struct. 21(1), 015005 (2011)
Han, Y., Hong, W., Faidley, L.E.: Field-stiffening effect of magneto-rheological elastomers. Int. J. Solids Struct. 50(14), 2281–2288 (2013)
Hansen, J.P., McDonald, I.R.: Theory of Simple Liquids. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1990)
Harmandaris, V.A., Reith, D., van der Vegt, N.F.A., Kremer, K.: Comparison between coarse-graining models for polymer systems: two mapping schemes for polystyrene. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 208(19–20), 2109–2120 (2007)
Howse, J.R., Jones, R.A.L., Ryan, A.J., Gough, T., Vafabakhsh, R., Golestanian, R.: Self-motile colloidal particles: from directed propulsion to random walk. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(4), 048102 (2007)
Huang, S., Pessot, G., Cremer, P., Weeber, R., Holm, C., Nowak, J., Odenbach, S., Menzel, A.M., Auernhammer, G.K.: Buckling of paramagnetic chains in soft gels. Soft Matter 12(1), 228–237 (2016)
Ilg, P.: Stimuli-responsive hydrogels cross-linked by magnetic nanoparticles. Soft Matter 9(13), 3465–3468 (2013)
Ilg, P., Kröger, M., Hess, S.: Anisotropy of the magnetoviscous effect in ferrofluids. Phys. Rev. E 71(5), 051201 (2005)
Ivaneyko, D., Toshchevikov, V., Saphiannikova, M., Heinrich, G.: Effects of particle distribution on mechanical properties of magneto-sensitive elastomers in a homogeneous magnetic field. Condens. Matter Phys. 15(3), 33601 (2012)
Ivaneyko, D., Toshchevikov, V.P., Saphiannikova, M., Heinrich, G.: Magneto-sensitive elastomers in a homogeneous magnetic field: a regular rectangular lattice model. Macromol. Theor. Simul. 20(6), 411–424 (2011)
Jackson, J.D.: Classical Electrodynamics. Wiley, New York (1999)
Jarkova, E., Pleiner, H., Müller, H.W., Brand, H.R.: Hydrodynamics of isotropic ferrogels. Phys. Rev. E 68(4), 041706 (2003)
Jiang, H.R., Yoshinaga, N., Sano, M.: Active motion of a Janus particle by self-thermophoresis in a defocused laser beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(26), 268302 (2010)
Jolly, M.R., Carlson, J.D., Muñoz, B.C., Bullions, T.A.: The magnetoviscoelastic response of elastomer composites consisting of ferrous particles embedded in a polymer matrix. J. Intel. Mater. Syst. Struct. 7(6), 613–622 (1996)
Jordan, A., Scholz, R., Wust, P., Fähling, H., Felix, R.: Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH): cancer treatment with AC magnetic field induced excitation of biocompatible superparamagnetic nanoparticles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 201(1), 413–419 (1999)
Kaiser, A., Winkler, M., Krause, S., Finkelmann, H., Schmidt, A.M.: Magnetoactive liquid crystal elastomer nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 19(4), 538–543 (2009)
Kalina, K.A., Brummund, J., Metsch, P., Kästner, M., Borin, D.Y., Linke, J.M., Odenbach, S.: Modeling of magnetic hystereses in soft MREs filled with NdFeB particles. Smart Mater. Struct. 26(10), 105019 (2017)
Kim, S., Phan-Thien, N.: Faxén relations and some rigid inclusion problems. J. Elasticity 37(2), 93–111 (1995)
Klapp, S.H.L.: Dipolar fluids under external perturbations. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17(15), R525–R550 (2005)
Klapp, S.H.L.: Collective dynamics of dipolar and multipolar colloids: from passive to active systems. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 21, 76–85 (2016)
Klumpp, S., Faivre, D.: Magnetotactic bacteria. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 225(11–12), 2173–2188 (2016)
Kubo, R., Toda, M., Hashitsume, N.: Statistical Physics II: Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics. Springer, Berlin (1991)
Küpfer, J., Finkelmann, H.: Nematic liquid single crystal elastomers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 12(12), 717–726 (1991)
Landau, L.D., Lifshitz, E.M.: Theory of Elasticity. Elsevier, Oxford (1986)
Liao, G.J., Gong, X.L., Xuan, S.H., Kang, C.J., Zong, L.H.: Development of a real-time tunable stiffness and damping vibration isolator based on magnetorheological elastomer. J. Int. Mater. Syst. Struct. 23(1), 25–33 (2012)
Lopez-Lopez, M.T., Durán, J.D.G., Iskakova, L.Y., Zubarev, A.Y.: Mechanics of magnetopolymer composites: a review. J. Nanofluids 5(4), 479–495 (2016)
Löwen, H.: Density functional theory for inhomogeneous fluids II: statics, dynamics, and applications. In: Cichocki, B., Napiórkowski, M., Piasecki, J. (eds.) Lecture Notes 3rd Warsaw School of Statistical Physics, pp. 87–121. Warsaw University Press, Warsaw (2010)
McTague, J.P.: Magnetoviscosity of magnetic colloids. J. Chem. Phys. 51(1), 133–136 (1969)
Menzel, A.M.: Bridging from particle to macroscopic scales in uniaxial magnetic gels. J. Chem. Phys. 141(19), 194907 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4901275
Menzel, A.M.: Tuned, driven, and active soft matter. Phys. Rep. 554, 1–45 (2015)
Menzel, A.M.: Velocity and displacement statistics in a stochastic model of nonlinear friction showing bounded particle speed. Phys. Rev. E 92(5), 052302 (2015)
Menzel, A.M.: Hydrodynamic description of elastic or viscoelastic composite materials: relative strains as macroscopic variables. Phys. Rev. E 94(2), 023003 (2016)
Menzel, A.M.: Force-induced elastic matrix-mediated interactions in the presence of a rigid wall. Soft Matter 13(18), 3373–3384 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SM00459A
Menzel, A.M., Brand, H.R.: Cholesteric elastomers in external mechanical and electric fields. Phys. Rev. E 75(1), 011707 (2007)
Menzel, A.M., Brand, H.R.: Instabilities in nematic elastomers in external electric and magnetic fields. Eur. Phys. J. E 26(3), 235–249 (2008)
Menzel, A.M., Pleiner, H., Brand, H.R.: On the nonlinear stress–strain behavior of nematic elastomers–materials of two coupled preferred directions. J. Appl. Phys. 105(1), 013503 (2009)
Menzel, A.M., Pleiner, H., Brand, H.R.: Response of prestretched nematic elastomers to external fields. Eur. Phys. J. E 30(4), 371–377 (2009)
Messing, R., Frickel, N., Belkoura, L., Strey, R., Rahn, H., Odenbach, S., Schmidt, A.M.: Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as multifunctional cross-linkers in PAAm ferrohydrogels. Macromolecules 44(8), 2990–2999 (2011)
Metsch, P., Kalina, K.A., Spieler, C., Kästner, M.: A numerical study on magnetostrictive phenomena in magnetorheological elastomers. Comput. Mater. Sci. 124, 364–374 (2016)
Min, T.L., Mears, P.J., Chubiz, L.M., Rao, C.V., Golding, I., Chemla, Y.R.: High-resolution, long-term characterization of bacterial motility using optical tweezers. Nat. Methods 6(11), 831–835 (2009)
Molchanov, V.S., Stepanov, G.V., Vasiliev, V.G., Kramarenko, E.Y., Khokhlov, A.R., Xu, Z.D., Guo, Y.Q.: Viscoelastic properties of magnetorheological elastomers for damping applications. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 299(9), 1116–1125 (2014)
Navier, C.L.M.H.: Mémoire sur les lois du mouvement des fluides. Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France 6, 389–440 (1822)
Norris, A.N.: Faxén relations in solids—a generalized approach to particle motion in elasticity and viscoelasticity. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123(1), 99–108 (2008)
Odenbach, S.: Recent progress in magnetic fluid research. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16(32), R1135–R1150 (2004)
Odenbach, S.: Microstructure and rheology of magnetic hybrid materials. Arch. Appl. Mech. 86(1–2), 269–279 (2016)
Pessot, G., Cremer, P., Borin, D.Y., Odenbach, S., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Structural control of elastic moduli in ferrogels and the importance of non-affine deformations. J. Chem. Phys. 141(12), 015005 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4896147
Pessot, G., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Dynamic elastic moduli in magnetic gels: normal modes and linear response. J. Chem. Phys. 145(10), 104904 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4962365
Pessot, G., Schümann, M., Gundermann, T., Odenbach, S., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Tunable dynamic moduli of magnetic elastomers: from characterization by x-ray micro-computed tomography to mesoscopic modeling. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 30(12), 125101 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aaaeaa
Pessot, G., Weeber, R., Holm, C., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Towards a scale-bridging description of ferrogels and magnetic elastomers. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 27(32), 325105 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/32/325105
Phan-Thien, N.: On the image system for the Kelvin-state. J. Elasticity 13(2), 231–235 (1983)
Phan-Thien, N.: Rigid spherical inclusion: the multipole expansion. J. Elasticity 32(3), 243–252 (1993)
Phan-Thien, N., Kim, S.: The load transfer between two rigid spherical inclusions in an elastic medium. ZAMP 45(2), 177–201 (1994)
Pleiner, H., Harden, J.L.: General nonlinear 2-fluid hydrodynamics of complex fluids and soft matter. ArXiv preprint arXiv:cond-mat/0404134 (2004)
Polin, M., Tuval, I., Drescher, K., Gollub, J.P., Goldstein, R.E.: Chlamydomonas swims with two “gears” in a eukaryotic version of run-and-tumble locomotion. Science 325(5939), 487–490 (2009)
Puljiz, M., Huang, S., Auernhammer, G.K., Menzel, A.M.: Forces on rigid inclusions in elastic media and resulting matrix-mediated interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117(23), 238003 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.238003
Puljiz, M., Huang, S., Kalina, K.A., Nowak, J., Odenbach, S., Kästner, M., Auernhammer, G.K., Menzel, A.M. (submitted)
Puljiz, M., Menzel, A.M.: Forces and torques on rigid inclusions in an elastic environment: resulting matrix-mediated interactions, displacements, and rotations. Phys. Rev. E 95(5), 053002 (2017)
Puljiz, M., Orlishausen, M., Köhler, W., Menzel, A.M.: Thermophoretically induced large-scale deformations around microscopic heat centers. J. Chem. Phys. 144(18), 184903 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948729
Roeder, L., Bender, P., Kundt, M., Tschöpe, A., Schmidt, A.M.: Magnetic and geometric anisotropy in particle-crosslinked ferrohydrogels. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17(2), 1290–1298 (2015)
Schmauch, M.M., Mishra, S.R., Evans, B.A., Velev, O.D., Tracy, J.B.: Chained iron microparticles for directionally controlled actuation of soft robots. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(13), 11895–11901 (2017)
Schümann, M., Odenbach, S.: In-situ observation of the particle microstructure of magnetorheological elastomers in presence of mechanical strain and magnetic fields. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 441, 88–92 (2017)
Schwaiger, F., Köhler, W.: Photothermal deformation of a transient polymer network. Macromolecules 46(4), 1673–1677 (2013)
Singh, Y.: Density-functional theory of freezing and properties of the ordered phase. Phys. Rep. 207(6), 351–444 (1991)
Sorokin, V.V., Stepanov, G.V., Shamonin, M., Monkman, G.J., Khokhlov, A.R., Kramarenko, E.Y.: Hysteresis of the viscoelastic properties and the normal force in magnetically and mechanically soft magnetoactive elastomers: effects of filler composition, strain amplitude and magnetic field. Polymer 76, 191–202 (2015)
Stolbov, O.V., Raikher, Y.L., Balasoiu, M.: Modelling of magnetodipolar striction in soft magnetic elastomers. Soft Matter 7(18), 8484–8487 (2011)
Stoner, E.C., Wohlfarth, E.P.: A mechanism of magnetic hysteresis in heterogeneous alloys. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 240(826), 599–642 (1948)
Strobl, G.: The Physics of Polymers. Springer, Berlin (2007)
Tarama, M., Cremer, P., Borin, D.Y., Odenbach, S., Löwen, H., Menzel, A.M.: Tunable dynamic response of magnetic gels: impact of structural properties and magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. E 90(4), 042311 (2014)
Teodosiu, C.: The Elastic Field of Point Defects. Springer, Berlin (1982)
Tietze, R., Lyer, S., Dürr, S., Struffert, T., Engelhorn, T., Schwarz, M., Eckert, E., Göen, T., Vasylyev, S., Peukert, W., Wiekhorst, F., Trahms, L., Dörfler, A., Alexiou, C.: Efficient drug-delivery using magnetic nanoparticles—biodistribution and therapeutic effects in tumour bearing rabbits. Nanomedicine 9(7), 961–971 (2013)
Treloar, L.R.G.: The elasticity of a network of long-chain molecules-II. Trans. Faraday Soc. 39, 241–246 (1943)
Urayama, K., Mashita, R., Kobayashi, I., Takigawa, T.: Stretching-induced director rotation in thin films of liquid crystal elastomers with homeotropic alignment. Macromolecules 40(21), 7665–7670 (2007)
Varga, Z., Fehér, J., Filipcsei, G., Zrínyi, M.: Smart nanocomposite polymer gels. Macromol. Symp. 200(1), 93–100 (2003)
Volkova, T.I., Böhm, V., Kaufhold, T., Popp, J., Becker, F., Borin, D.Y., Stepanov, G.V., Zimmermann, K.: Motion behaviour of magneto-sensitive elastomers controlled by an external magnetic field for sensor applications. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 431, 262–265 (2017)
Warner Jr., H.R.: Kinetic theory and rheology of dilute suspensions of finitely extendible dumbbells. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 11(3), 379–387 (1972)
Weeber, R., Hermes, M., Schmidt, A.M., Holm, C.: Polymer architecture of magnetic gels: a review. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 30(6), 063002 (2018)
Weeber, R., Holm, C.: Interplay between particle microstructure, network topology and sample shape in magnetic gels—a molecular dynamics simulation study. ArXiv preprint arXiv:1704.06578 (2017)
Weeber, R., Kantorovich, S., Holm, C.: Ferrogels cross-linked by magnetic nanoparticles—deformation mechanisms in two and three dimensions studied by means of computer simulations. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 383, 262–266 (2015)
Wiegand, S.: Thermal diffusion in liquid mixtures and polymer solutions. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16(10), R357–R379 (2004)
Wood, D.S., Camp, P.J.: Modeling the properties of ferrogels in uniform magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. E 83(1), 011402 (2011)
Yoshinaga, N., Nagai, K.H., Sumino, Y., Kitahata, H.: Drift instability in the motion of a fluid droplet with a chemically reactive surface driven by Marangoni flow. Phys. Rev. E 86(1), 016108 (2012)
Zrínyi, M., Barsi, L., Büki, A.: Deformation of ferrogels induced by nonuniform magnetic fields. J. Chem. Phys. 104(21), 8750–8756 (1996)
Acknowledgements
The author thanks several colleagues for fruitful collaborations that led to the different studies and effects overviewed above, namely, Hartmut Löwen, Peet Cremer, Giorgio Pessot, Mate Puljiz, Elshad Allahyarov, Sonja Babel, Mitsusuke Tarama, Rudolf Weeber, Christian Holm, Karl Kalina, Markus Kästner, Michael Orlishausen, Werner Köhler, Shilin Huang, Günter K. Auernhammer, Malte Schümann, Thomas Gundermann, Dmitry Borin, and Stefan Odenbach. The present work was supported through the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via the SPP 1681, Grant No. ME 3571/3.
Note Doi information below links to references containing previously published figure material that is reproduced in the present article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Menzel, A.M. Mesoscopic characterization of magnetoelastic hybrid materials: magnetic gels and elastomers, their particle-scale description, and scale-bridging links. Arch Appl Mech 89, 17–45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-018-1413-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-018-1413-7