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Deep recycling of crustal materials by the Hainan mantle plume: evidence from Zn–Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of Hainan Island basalts

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Abstract

Understanding the compositional heterogeneity of the deep mantle requires identifying the nature of recycled crustal materials in the sources of mantle-plume-related magmas. However, it is still unclear whether or not the deep mantle contains recycled carbonates from the Earth’s surface. In this study, we present comprehensive data on whole-rock high-precision zinc isotopes, as well as major- and trace-element geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of basalts on Hainan Island to examine the influence of recycled materials (particularly carbonates) on the mantle source heterogeneity of the Hainan mantle plume. The basalts have highly variable δ66Zn values ranging from 0.21‰ to 0.42‰. These variable Zn isotopic compositions cannot be accounted for by processes such as post-magmatic alteration and crustal contamination, or by fractional crystallization and partial melting; instead, they reflect mantle heterogeneity. Comparisons of the major- and trace-element compositions (e.g., CaO and TiO2 contents and Zn/Fe and Fe/Mn ratios), FC3MS and FCKANTMS peridotite and pyroxenite melting parameters, as well as pseudo-ternary projections of the primary Hainan basaltic magmas with experimental data suggest that the primary magmas were partial melts of silica-deficient pyroxenitic lithologies with peridotite residue. The heterogeneous geochemical and lithological compositions of the Hainan basalts indicate that recycled sedimentary carbonates and siliceous rocks were important constituents in their mantle source. Quantitative modeling reveals that the addition of 1–10% subducted sediments into the source of the Hainan basalts closely reproduces their Zn–Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic values. The source component with the heaviest Zn isotopic composition measured for the Hainan basalt samples could have contained more than 9% recycled carbonate. Our findings provide insights into the role of subducted materials to mantle heterogeneity and highlight the contribution of subducted sedimentary carbonates in the deep recycling of oceanic slabs, including—in the case of the Hainan mantle plume—recycled deep mantle (i.e., the mantle transition zone and lower mantle).

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully thank Luc Doucet and another anonymous reviewer for the constructive comments that helped to improve the manuscript, and Daniela Rubatto for the efficient editorial handling. We acknowledge Chunhong Zhang, Wenwu Yang and Shansong Lu for their assistance with elemental and isotopic analysis. We are grateful to Wenguo Long, Jinbo Zhou, Guogang Xie and Zhongyan Zhang for help with the fieldwork. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42202335), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M722953), the Geological Survey program of China (DD20221677 and DD20221647) and the Key Laboratory of Shallow Geothermal Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China (KLSGE202302-04).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China

    Guangyue Cao & Xianchun Tang

  2. Key Laboratory of Shallow Geothermal Energy, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, 100195, China

    Guangyue Cao & Xianchun Tang

  3. Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China

    Guangyue Cao & Ying Tong

  4. Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, China

    Xiangdong Wang, Xiang Li & Lei Wang

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  1. Guangyue Cao
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Cao, G., Tong, Y., Tang, X. et al. Deep recycling of crustal materials by the Hainan mantle plume: evidence from Zn–Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of Hainan Island basalts. Contrib Mineral Petrol 179, 30 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-024-02112-5

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