Abstract
Delamination of dense mafic/ultramafic materials in arc roots has long been considered as the fundamental step in the paradigm of making an andesitic continental crust. However, the complexity in identifying ancient arc roots inherently with repeated modifications, poses a challenge in accurately determining the preservation time of the dense crustal materials and thus the delamination-driven model. Here, we conducted comprehensive petrographic, whole-rock, and mineral geochemical studies on 10 variably retrograded eclogite xenoliths from the ~ 35 Ma crustal-derived felsic porphyry in the Liuhe area, western Yangtze craton. Eclogite facies metamorphism is indicated by the fresh relic consisting of coarse-grained garnet, omphacite and rutile; the retrograde metamorphism is manifested by an additional assemblage of fine-grained diopside, amphibole, plagioclase, and biotite. Whole-rock element contents of the xenoliths generally display correlations with immobile Nb concentrations, suggestive of a dominant control from magmatic processes with negligible effects from the post-magmatic alteration. The protoliths of studied xenoliths are most likely accumulated garnet pyroxenites, where the negative correlation between heavy rare earth elements and Mg# (Mg/(Mg + Fe), atomic ratio), and the absence of positive Eu and Sr anomalies suggest the accumulation of garnet under high-pressure conditions. The parental magmas are inferred to be evolved and hydrous with arc-type trace-element patterns. Combined with studies on regional xenoliths, outcrops and tectonic history, the parental magmas likely record the melting of asthenospheric mantle wedge fluxed by recycled subducted slab in the Neoproterozoic (~ 800 Ma). The prolonged preservation (from ~ 800 Ma to at least 35 Ma) of the accumulated garnet pyroxenites with high densities in the deep continental crust can be ascribed to the support from the underlying refractory lithospheric mantle strengthened by plume head accretions. Therefore, we propose that the density-driven delamination of the arc root materials is more sluggish than previously expected and the longevity of dense crustal materials highlights the caution in understanding the role of arc root delamination in making an andesitic continental crust.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the supplementary materials.
References
Adam J, Green T (2006) Trace element partitioning between mica-and amphibole-bearing garnet lherzolite and hydrous basanitic melt: 1. Experimental results and the investigation of controls on partitioning behaviour. Contrib Mineral Petrol 152:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-006-0085-4
Ai Y (1994) A revision of the garnet-clinopyroxene Fe2+-Mg exchange geothermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 115:467–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00320979
Allègre CJ, Turcotte DL (1986) Implications of a two-component marble-cake mantle. Nature 323:123–127. https://doi.org/10.1038/323123a0
Allibone AH, Jongens R, Turnbull IM, Milan LA, Daczko NR, De Paoli MC, Tulloch AJ (2009) Plutonic rocks of Western Fiordland, New Zealand: field relations, geochemistry, correlation, and nomenclature. New Zealand J Geol Geophys 52:379–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2009.9518465
Alonso-Perez R, Müntener O, Ulmer P (2009) Igneous garnet and amphibole fractionation in the roots of island arcs: experimental constraints on andesitic liquids. Contrib Mineral Petrol 157:541–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0351-8
Aulbach S, Smart KA (2023) Petrogenesis and geodynamic significance of xenolithic eclogites. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 51:521–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-112904
Aulbach S, Mungall JE, Pearson DG (2016) Distribution and processing of highly siderophile elements in cratonic mantle lithosphere. Rev Mineral Geochem 81:239–304. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2016.81.5
Aulbach S, Jacob DE, Cartigny P, Stern RA, Simonetti SS, Worner G, Viljoen KS (2017) Eclogite xenoliths from Orapa: Ocean crust recycling, mantle metasomatism and carbon cycling at the western Zimbabwe craton margin. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 213:574–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.06.038
Bloch E, Ibañez-Mejia M, Murray K, Vervoort J (2017) Recent crustal foundering in the Northern volcanic zone of the Andean arc: petrological insights from the roots of a modern subduction zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 476:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.041
Bodinier JL, Menzies MA, Thirlwall MF (1991) Continental to oceanic mantle transition-REE and Sr-Nd isotopic geochemistry of the Lanzo lherzolite massif. J Petrol 2:191–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/special_volume.2.191
Borghini G, Rampone E, Zanetti A, Class C, Cipriani A, Hofmann AW (2013) Meter-scale Nd isotopic heterogeneity in pyroxenite-bearing Ligurian peridotites encompasses global-scale upper mantle variability. Geology 41:1055–1058. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34438.1
Bowman EE, Ducea MN, Triantafyllou A (2021) Arclogites in the subarc lower crust: effects of crystallization, partial melting, and retained melt on the foundering ability of residual roots. J Petrol 62:egab094. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egab094
Cai XP (1992) Discovery of deep-derived xenoliths in Cenozoic alkali-rich prophries along the margin of the Yangtze platform and its signifcance. Sci Geol Sin 27:183–189 ((In Chinese))
Cawood PA, Zhao GC, Yao J, Wang W, Xu Y, Wang Y (2018) Reconstructing South China in phanerozoic and precambrian supercontinents. Earth-Sci Rev 186:173–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.001
Chang J, Audétat A (2023) Post-subduction porphyry Cu magmas in the Sanjiang region of southwestern China formed by fractionation of lithospheric mantle-derived mafic magmas. Geology 51:64–68. https://doi.org/10.1130/G50502.1
Chapman T, Clarke GL, Daczko NR, Piazolo S, Rajkumar A (2015) Orthopyroxene–omphacite-and garnet-omphacite-bearing magmatic assemblages, Breaksea Orthogneiss, New Zealand: oxidation state controlled by high-P oxide fractionation. Lithos 216:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.11.019
Chapman T, Clarke GL, Daczko NR (2016) Crustal differentiation in a thickened arc-evaluating depth dependences. J Petrol 57:595–620. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw022
Chapman AD, Riggs N, Ducea MN, Saleeby JB, Rautela O, Shields J (2019) Tectonic development of the Colorado Plateau Transition Zone, central Arizona: insights from lower lithosphere xenoliths and volcanic host rocks. Geol Soc Am Field Guide 55:209–235. https://doi.org/10.1130/2019.0055(09)
Chi JS, Lu FX (1996) The study of formation conditions of the primary diamond deposits in China. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, p 144 ((In Chinese))
Chin EJ, Shimizu K, Bybee GM, Erdman ME (2018) On the development of the calc-alkaline and tholeiitic magma series: a deep crustal cumulate perspective. Earth Planet Sci Lett 482:277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.016
Chin EJ, Curran ST, Farmer GL (2020) Squeezing water from a stone: H2O in nominally anhydrous minerals from granulite xenoliths and deep, hydrous fractional crystallization. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 125:e2020JB020416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020416
Chung SL, Chu MF, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Lo CH, Lee TY, Wang Y (2005) Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism. Earth-Sci Rev 68:173–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.05.001
Clarke GL, Daczko NR, Miescher D (2013) Identifying relic igneous garnet and clinopyroxene in eclogite and granulite, Breaksea Orthogneiss, New Zealand. J Petrol 54:1921–1938. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egt036
Coleman RG, Lee DE, Beatty LB, Brannock WW (1965) Eclogites and eclogites: their differences and similarities. Geol Soc Am Bull 76:483–508. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[483:EAETDA]2.0.CO;2
Cox KG (1993) Continental magmatic underplating. philosophical transactions of the royal society of London. Ser a: Phys Eng Sci 342:155–166. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1993.0011
Dai HK, Zheng JP, Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Xiong Q, Ping XQ, Chen FK, Lu JG (2021) Pyroxenite xenoliths record complex melt impregnation in the deep lithosphere of the Northwestern North China Craton. J Petrol 62:egaa079. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa079
De Paoli MC, Clarke GL, Klepeis KA, Allibone AH, Turnbull IM (2009) The eclogite–granulite transition: mafic and intermediate assemblages at Breaksea Sound, New Zealand. J Petrol 50:2307–2343. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp078
Dhuime B, Bosch D, Bodinier JL, Garrido CJ, Bruguier O, Hussain SS, Dawood H (2007) Multistage evolution of the Jijal ultramafic–mafic complex (Kohistan, N Pakistan): implications for building the roots of island arcs. Earth Planet Sci Lett 261:179–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.026
Downes H (2007) Origin and significance of spinel and garnet pyroxenites in the shallow lithospheric mantle: ultramafic massifs in orogenic belts in Western Europe and NW Africa. Lithos 99:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.05.006
Ducea MN, Saleeby JB, Bergantz G (2015) The architecture, chemistry, and evolution of continental magmatic arcs. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 43:299–331. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105049
Ducea MN, Chapman AD, Bowman E, Balica C (2021a) Arclogites and their role in continental evolution; part 2: relationship to batholiths and volcanoes, density and foundering, remelting and long-term storage in the mantle. Earth-Sci Rev 214:103476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103476
Ducea MN, Chapman AD, Bowman E, Triantafyllou A (2021b) Arclogites and their role in continental evolution; part 1: background, locations, petrography, geochemistry, chronology and thermobarometry. Earth-Sci Rev 214:103375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103375
Ellis DJ, Green DH (1979) An experimental study of the effect of Ca upon garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange equilibria. Contrib Mineral Petrol 71:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371878
Erdman ME, Lee CTA, Levander A, Jiang HH (2016) Role of arc magmatism and lower crustal foundering in controlling elevation history of the Nevadaplano and Colorado Plateau: a case study of pyroxenitic lower crust from central Arizona, USA. Earth Planet Sci Lett 439:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.032
Frey FA, Prinz M (1978) Ultramafic inclusions from San Carlos, Arizona: petrologic and geochemical data bearing on their petrogenesis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 38:129–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90130-9
Garrido CJ, Bodinier JL (1999) Diversity of mafic rocks in the Ronda peridotite: evidence for pervasive melt-rock reaction during heating of subcontinental lithosphere by upwelling asthenosphere. J Petrol 40:729–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.5.729
Garrido CJ, Bodinier JL, Burg JP, Zeilinger G, Hussain SS, Dawood H, Chaudhry MN, Gervilla F (2006) Petrogenesis of mafic garnet granulite in the lower crust of the Kohistan paleo-arc complex (Northern Pakistan): implications for intra-crustal differentiation of island arcs and generation of continental crust. J Petrol 47:1873–1914. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl030
Green DH (1972) Magmatic activity as the major process in the chemical evolution of the arteh’s crust and mantle. Dev Geotecton 4:47–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-41015-3.50010-0
Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Ryan C (1999) The composition and origin of sub-continental lithospheric mantle//Fei YF, Bertka CM, Mysen BO. Mantle petrology: field observations and high-pressure experimentation: A tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd. Houston: geochemical society special publications 6: 13–4.
Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Abe N, Aulbach S, Davies RM, Pearson NJ, Kivi K (2003) The origin and evolution of Archean lithospheric mantle. Precambr Res 127:19–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00180-3
Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Afonso JC, Begg GC (2009) The composition and evolution of lithospheric mantle: a re-evaluation and its tectonic implications. J Petrol 50:1185–1204. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn033
Guo ZF, Hertogen JAN, Liu J, Pasteels P, Boven A, Punzalan LEA, Zhang W (2005) Potassic magmatism in western Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, SE Tibet, China: petrological and geochemical constraints on petrogenesis. J Petrol 46:33–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egh061
Guo JL, Gao S, Wu YB, Li M, Chen K, Hu ZC, Liang ZW, Liu YS, Zhou L, Zong KQ, Zhang W, Chen HH (2014) 3.45 Ga granitic gneisses from the Yangtze Craton, South China: implications for early Archean crustal growth. Precambr Res 242:82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.12.018
Gysi AP, Jagoutz O, Schmidt MW, Targuisti K (2011) Petrogenesis of pyroxenites and melt infiltrations in the ultramafic complex of Beni Bousera, northern Morocco. J Petrol 52:1679–1735. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egr026
Hacker BR, Kelemen PB, Behn MD (2015) Continental lower crust. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 43:167–205. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124117
Hammarstrom JM, Zen EA (1986) Aluminum in hornblende: an empirical igneous geobarometer. Am Mineral 71:1297–1313. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1986.050.358.28
Harangi SZ, Downes H, Kósa L, Szabo CS, Thirlwall MF, Mason PRD, Mattey D (2001) Almandine garnet in calc-alkaline volcanic rocks of the Northern Pannonian Basin (Eastern-Central Europe): geochemistry, petrogenesis and geodynamic implications. J Petrol 42:1813–1843. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.10.1813
Hawkesworth CJ, Kemp AIS (2006) Evolution of the continental crust. Nature 443:811–817. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05191
He B, Xu YG, Chung SL, Xiao L, Wang Y (2003) Sedimentary evidence for a rapid, kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 213:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00323-6
He WY, Mo XX, Yang LQ, Xing YL, Dong GC, Zhen Y, Gao X, Bao XS (2016) Origin of the Eocene porphyries and mafic microgranular enclaves from the Beiya porphyry Au polymetallic deposit, western Yunnan, China: implications for magma mixing/mingling and mineralization. Gondwana Res 40:230–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.09.004
Heinonen JS, Spera FJ, Bohrson WA (2022) Thermodynamic limits for assimilation of silicate crust in primitive magmas. Geology 50:81–85. https://doi.org/10.1130/G49139.1
Herzberg C (2011) Identification of source lithology in the Hawaiian and Canary Islands: implications for origins. J Petrol 52:113–146. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq075
Ho KS, Chen JC, Smith AD, Juang WS (2000) Petrogenesis of two groups of pyroxenite from Tungchihsu, Penghu Islands, Taiwan Strait: implications for mantle metasomatism beneath SE China. Chem Geol 167:355–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00237-5
Hofmann AW (1988) Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 90:297–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90132-X
Hofmann AW, White WM (1982) Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 57:421–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(82)90161-3
Hou ZQ, Zhou Y, Wang R, Zheng YC, He WY, Zhao M, Evans JN, Weinberg RF (2017) Recycling of metal-fertilized lower continental crust: origin of non-arc Au-rich porphyry deposits at cratonic edges. Geology 45:563–566. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38619.1
Hu ZC, Gao S, Liu YS, Hu SH, Chen HH, Yuan HL (2008) Signal enhancement in laser ablation ICP-MS by addition of nitrogen in the central channel gas. J Anal Atom Spectrom 23:1093–1101. https://doi.org/10.1039/b804760j
Huang J, Huang JX, Griffin WL, Huang F (2022) Zn-, Mg-and O-isotope evidence for the origin of mantle eclogites from Roberts Victor kimberlite (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa). Geology 50:593–597. https://doi.org/10.1130/G49780.1
Jacob DE (2004) Nature and origin of eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites. Lithos 77:295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.038
Jagoutz O, Behn MD (2013) Foundering of lower island-arc crust as an explanation for the origin of the continental Moho. Nature 504:131–134. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12758
Jagoutz O, Müntener O, Burg JP, Ulmer P, Jagoutz E (2006) Lower continental crust formation through focused flow in km-scale melt conduits: the zoned ultramafic bodies of the Chilas complex in the Kohistan Island arc (NW Pakistan). Earth Planet Sci Lett 242:320–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.005
Johnson MC, Rutherford MJ (1989) Experimental calibration of the aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley caldera (California) volcanic rocks. Geology 17:837–841. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017%3c0837:ECOTAI%3e2.3.CO;2
Jull M, Kelemen PÁ (2001) On the conditions for lower crustal convective instability. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 106:6423–6446. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900357
Kang H, Li DP, Xue GL, Xu BY, Geng JZ, Yu Y (2022) A shift of mantle sources for the post-collisional lavas and tectonic links with synchronous deformation in the SE Tibetan Plateau. Chem Geol 607:121009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121009
Kay RW, Kay SM (1993) Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics 219:177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90295-U
Kelemen PB, Behn MD (2016) Formation of lower continental crust by relamination of buoyant arc lavas and plutons. Nat Geosci 9:197–205. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2662
Kogiso T, Hirschmann MM (2006) Partial melting experiments of bimineralic eclogite and the role of recycled mafic oceanic crust in the genesis of ocean island basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 249:188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.016
Kogiso T, Hirschmann MM, Pertermann M (2004) High-pressure partial melting of mafic lithologies in the mantle. J Petrol 45:2407–2422. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egh057
Krogh EJ (1988) The garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg geothermometer-a reinterpretation of existing experimental data. Contrib Mineral Petrol 99:44–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00399364
Lambart S, Laporte D, Schiano P (2013) Markers of the pyroxenite contribution in the major-element compositions of oceanic basalts: review of the experimental constraints. Lithos 160:14–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.11.018
Lee CTA (2014) Physics and chemistry of deep continental crust recycling. In: Holland H, Turekian K (eds) Treatise of geochemistry, 2nd edn. Elsevier, pp 423–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00314-4
Lee CTA, Anderson DL (2015) Continental crust formation at arcs, the arclogite “delamination” cycle, and one origin for fertile melting anomalies in the mantle. Sci Bull 60:1141–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0828-6
Lee CTA, Cheng X, Horodyskyj U (2006) The development and refinement of continental arcs by primary basaltic magmatism, garnet pyroxenite accumulation, basaltic recharge and delamination: insights from the Sierra Nevada, California. Contrib Mineral Petrol 151:222–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0056-1
Lee CTA, Luffi P, Chin EJ (2011) Building and destroying continental mantle. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 39:59–90. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133505
Levander A, Schmandt B, Miller MS, Liu K, Karlstrom KE, Crow RS, Lee CTA, Humphreys ED (2011) Continuing Colorado Plateau uplift by delamination-style convective lithospheric downwelling. Nature 472:461–465. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10001
Li XH, Su L, Chung SL, Li ZX, Liu Y, Song B, Liu DY (2005) Formation of the Jinchuan ultramafic intrusion and the world’s third largest Ni-Cu sulfide deposit: associated with the ∼ 825 Ma south China mantle plume? Geochem, Geophys, Geosyst. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001006
Li XH, Zhu WG, Zhong H, Wang XC, He DF, Bai ZJ, Liu F (2010) The Tongde picritic dikes in the western Yangtze Block: evidence for ca. 800-Ma mantle plume magmatism in South China during the breakup of Rodinia. J Geol 118:509–522. https://doi.org/10.1086/655113
Li XY, Zhu PM, Kusky TM, Gu Y, Peng SB, Yuan YF, Fu JM (2015) Has the Yangtze craton lost its root? A comparison between the North China and Yangtze cratons. Tectonophysics 655:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.04.008
Li GJ, Wang QF, Huang YH, Gao L, Yu L (2016) Petrogenesis of middle Ordovician peraluminous granites in the Baoshan block: implications for the early Paleozoic tectonic evolution along East Gondwana. Lithos 245:76–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.10.012
Liu XF, Liu JD, Yang ZX, Zhang CJ, Wu DC, Li YG (2002) Mineralogical characteristics of deep-source ultramafic xenoliths in alkali-rich porphyry. Acta Mineral Sin 22:289–295 ((In Chinese with English abstract))
Liu YS, Gao S, Lee CTA, Hu SH, Liu XM, Yuan HL (2005) Melt-peridotite interactions: links between garnet pyroxenite and high-Mg# signature of continental crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 234:39–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.034
Liu YS, Hu ZC, Gao S, Gunther D, Xu J, Gao CG, Chen HH (2008a) In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chem Geol 57:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.004
Liu YS, Zong KQ, Kelemen PB, Gao S (2008b) Geochemistry and magmatic history of eclogites and ultramafic rocks from the Chinese continental scientific drill hole: subduction and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of lower crustal cumulates. Chem Geol 247:133–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.016
Liu JG, Pearson DG, Wang LH, Mather KA, Kjarsgaard BA, Schaeffer AJ, Irvine GJ, Kopylova MG, Armstrong JP (2021) Plume-driven recratonization of deep continental lithospheric mantle. Nature 592:732–736. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03395-5
Lu BX, Qian XG (1999) Petrology of deep xenoliths in Cenozoic alkali-rich vocanic rocks and porphyry in western Yunnan. Yunnan Geol 18:127–143 ((In Chinese))
Lu YJ, Kerrich R, Mccuaig TC, Li ZX, Hart CJ, Cawood PA, Tang SH (2013a) Geochemical, Sr-Nd-Pb, and zircon Hf-O isotopic compositions of Eocene–Oligocene shoshonitic and potassic adakite-like felsic intrusions in western Yunnan, SW China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications. J Petrol 54:1309–1348. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egt013
Lu YJ, Kerrich R, Kemp AIS, McCuaig TC, Hart CJR, Li ZX, Cawood PA, Bagas L, Yang ZM, Cliff J, Belousova EA, Jourdan F, Evans NJ (2013b) Intracontinental Eocene-Oligocene porphyry Cu mineral systems of Yunnan, western Yangtze craton, China: compositional characteristics, sources, and implications for continental collision metallogeny. Econ Geol 108:1541–1576. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.7.1541
Lu YJ, McCuaig TC, Li ZX, Jourdan F, Hart CJ, Hou ZQ, Tang SH (2015) Paleogene post-collisional lamprophyres in western Yunnan, western Yangtze craton: mantle source and tectonic implications. Lithos 233:139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.02.003
McDonough WF, Sun SS (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem Geol 120:223–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
Mo XX, Zhao ZD, Yu XH, Dong GC, Li YG, Zhou S, Liao ZL, Zhu DC (2009) Cenozoic collision post collision igneous rock in the Tibetan Plateau. Geological Publishing House, Beijing ((In Chinese))
Montanini A, Tribuzio R (2015) Evolution of recycled crust within the mantle: constraints from the garnet pyroxenites of the external ligurian ophiolites (northern Apennines, Italy). Geology 43:911–914. https://doi.org/10.1130/G36877.1
Morimoto N, Fabries J, Ferguson AK, Ginzburg IV, Ross M, Seifert FA, Zussman J, Aoki K, Gottardi G (1989) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineral Mag 52:535–550. https://doi.org/10.2465/minerj.14.198
Muecke GK, Pride C, Sarkar P (1979) Rare-earth element geochemistry of regional metamorphic rocks. Phys Chem Earth 11:449–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(79)90043-0
Müntener O, Ulmer P (2006) Experimentally derived high-pressure cumulates from hydrous arc magmas and consequences for the seismic velocity structure of lower arc crust. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027629
Müntener O, Ulmer P (2018) Arc crust formation and differentiation constrained by experimental petrology. Am J Sci 318:64–89. https://doi.org/10.2475/01.2018.04
Müntener O, Kelemen PB, Grove TL (2001) The role of H2O during crystallization of primitive arc magmas under uppermost mantle conditions and genesis of igneous pyroxenites: an experimental study. Contrib Mineral Petrol 141:643–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100100266
Nimis P (1995) A clinopyroxene geobarometer for basaltic systems based on crystal-structure modeling. Contrib Mineral Petrol 121:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050093
Nimis P, Ulmer P (1998) Clinopyroxene geobarometry of magmatic rocks part 1: an expanded structural geobarometer for anhydrous and hydrous, basic and ltrabasic systems. Contrib Mineral Petrol 133:122–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050442
O’Hara MJ (1968) The bearing of phase equilibria studies in synthetic and natural systems on the origin and evolution of basic and ultrabasic rocks. Earth-Sci Rev 4:69–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(68)90147-5
O’Hara MJ (1972) Data reduction and projection schemes for complex compositions. In: Biggar GM (Eds) Progress in experimental petrology: third progress report of research supported by N.E.R.C. at Edinburgh and Manchester Universities, 1972–1975, 103–126
Pearson DG (1999) The age of continental roots. Lithos 48:171–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00026-2
Pearson DG, Wittig N (2008) Formation of Archaean continental lithosphere and its diamonds: the root of the problem. J Geol Soc 165:895–914. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-003
Perchuk LL, Aranovich LY, Podlesskii KK, Lavranteva IV, Gerasimov IV, Fedkin VV, Kitsul VI, Karsakov LP, Berdnikov NV (1985) Precambrian granulites of the Aldan shield, eastern Siberia, USSR. J Metamorph Geol 3:265–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1985.tb00321.x
Polat A, Hofmann AW, Rosing MT (2002) Boninite-like volcanic rocks in the 3.7-3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt, West Greenland: geochemical evidence for intra-oceanic subduction zone processes in the early Earth. Chem Geol 184:231–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00363-1
Powell R (1985) Regression diagnostics and robust regression in geothermometer/geobarometer calibration: the garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometer revisited. J Metamorph Geol 3:231–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1985.tb00319.x
Rautela O, Chapman AD, Shields JE, Ducea MN, Lee CTA, Jiang HH, Saleeby J (2020) In search for the missing arc root of the Southern California Batholith: PTt evolution of upper mantle xenoliths of the Colorado Plateau Transition Zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 547:116447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116447
Ravna K (2000) The garnet–clinopyroxene Fe2+-Mg geothermometer: an updated calibration. J Metamorph Geol 18:211–219. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00247.x
Rudnick RL (1995) Making continental crust. Nature 378:571–578. https://doi.org/10.1038/378571a0
Rudnick RL, Gao S (2014) Composition of the continental crust. In: Holland H, Turekian K (eds) Treatise on geochemistry, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00301-6
Schmidt MW (1992) Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 110:304–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310745
Sobolev AV, Hofmann AW, Sobolev SV, Nikogosian IK (2005) An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts. Nature 434:590–597. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03411
Tang M, Lee CTA, Chen K, Erdman M, Costin G, Jiang HH (2019) Nb/Ta systematics in arc magma differentiation and the role of arclogites in continent formation. Nat Commun 10:235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08198-3
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev Geophys 33:241–265. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262
Taylor LA, Neal CR (1989) Eclogites with oceanic crustal and mantle signatures from the Bellsbank kimberlite, South Africa, part I: mineralogy, petrography, and whole rock chemistry. J Geol 97:551–567. https://doi.org/10.1086/629334
Thomas H, Rana H (2020) Garnet-hornblende geothermometer: a comparative study. J Geol Soc India 96:591–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1607-9
Tong X, Zhao ZD, Niu YL, Zhang SQ, Cousens B, Liu D, Zhang Y, Han MZ, Zhao YX, Lei HS, Shi QS, Zhu DC, Sheikh L, Lutfi W (2019) Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Eocene-Oligocene potassic felsic suites in western Yunnan, eastern Tibetan plateau: evidence from petrology, zircon chronology, elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic geochemistry. Lithos 340:287–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.04.023
Turner S, Wilde S, Wörner G, Schaefer B, Lai YJ (2020) An andesitic source for Jack Hills zircon supports onset of plate tectonics in the Hadean. Nat Commun 11:1241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14857-1
Varas-Reus MI, Garrido CJ, Marchesi C, Bosch D, Hidas K (2018) Genesis of ultra-high-pressure garnet pyroxenites in orogenic peridotites and its bearing on the compositional heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 232:303–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.033
Voshage H, Hofmann AW, Mazzucchelli M, Rivalenti G, Sinigoi S, Raczek I, Demarchi G (1990) Isotopic evidence from the Ivrea Zone for a hybrid lower crust formed by magmatic underplating. Nature 347:731–736. https://doi.org/10.1038/347731a0
Wang JH, Yin A, Harrison TM, Grove M, Zhang YQ, Xie GH (2001) A tectonic model for Cenozoic igneous activities in the eastern Indo-Asian collision zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188:123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00315-6
Wang J, Dan W, Wang Q, Tang GJ (2020) High-Mg# adakitic rocks formed by lower-crustal magma differentiation: mineralogical and geochemical evidence from garnet-bearing diorite porphyries in central Tibet. J Petrol 62:egaa099. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa099
Wang XC, Li QL, Wilde SA, Li ZX, Li CF, Lei K, Li SJ, Li LL, Pandit MK (2021) Decoupling between oxygen and radiogenic isotopes: evidence for generation of juvenile continental crust by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. J Earth Sci 32:1212–1225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1095-2
Wang J, Wang Q, Xu CB, Dan W, Xiao Z, Shu C, Wei G (2022) Cenozoic delamination of the southwestern Yangtze craton owing to densification during subduction and collision. Geology 50:912–917. https://doi.org/10.1130/G49732.1
Xiang L, Zheng JP, Siebel W, Griffin WL, Wang W, O’Reilly SY, Li YH, Zhang H (2018) Unexposed Archean components and complex post-Archean accretion/reworking processes beneath the southern Yangtze Block revealed by zircon xenocrysts from the Paleozoic lamproites, South China. Precambr Res 316:174–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.08.003
Xiang L, Zheng JP, Zhai MG (2022) Archean to Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the southern Yangtze Block (South China): U-Pb age and Hf-isotope of zircon xenocrysts from the Paleozoic diamondiferous kimberlites. Precambr Res 374:106651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106651
Xiong XL, Keppler H, Audétat A, Ni HW, Sun WD, Li Y (2011) Partitioning of Nb and Ta between rutile and felsic melt and the fractionation of Nb/Ta during partial melting of hydrous metabasalt. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:1673–1692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.06.039
Xiong Q, Zheng JP, Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Pearson NJ (2014) Pyroxenite dykes in orogenic peridotite from North Qaidam (NE Tibet, China) track metasomatism and segregation in the mantle wedge. J Petrol 55:2347–2376. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egu059
Xu YG, Menzies MA, Thirlwall MF, Xie GH (2001a) Exotic lithosphere mantle beneath the western Yangtze craton: petrogenetic links to Tibet using highly magnesian ultrapotassic rocks. Geology 29:863–866. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029%3c0863:ELMBTW%3e2.0.CO;2
Xu YG, Chung SL, Jahn BM, Wu G (2001b) Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Permian-Triassic Emeishan flood basalts in southwestern China. Lithos 58:145–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00055-X
Xu YG, He B, Chung SL, Menzies MA, Frey FA (2004) Geologic, geochemical, and geophysical consequences of plume involvement in the Emeishan flood-basalt province. Geology 32:917–920. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20602.1
Xu WL, Gao S, Wang QH, Wang DY, Liu YS (2006) Mesozoic crustal thickening of the eastern North China craton: evidence from eclogite xenoliths and petrologic implications. Geology 34:721–724. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22551.1
Xu WL, Gao S, Yang DB, Pei FP, Wang QH (2009) Geochemistry of eclogite xenoliths in Mesozoic adakitic rocks from Xuzhou-Suzhou area in central China and their tectonic implications. Lithos 107:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.11.004
Yan DP, Zhou MF, Song HL, Wang XW, Malpas J (2003) Origin and tectonic significance of a Mesozoic multi-layer over-thrust system within the Yangtze Block (South China). Tectonophysics 361:239–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00646-7
Yi D, Zhao J, Li CH, Peng XH (2022) Crustal contaminations responsible for the petrogenesis of basalts from the Emeishan large igneous province, NW China: new evidence from Ba isotopes. J Earth Sci 33:109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-021-1513-0
Yu SY, Xu YG, Ma JL, Zheng YF, Kuang YS, Hong LB, Ge WC, Tong LX (2010) Remnants of oceanic lower crust in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle: trace element and Sr-Nd-O isotope evidence from aluminous garnet pyroxenite xenoliths from Jiaohe, Northeast China. Earth Planet Sci Lett 297:413–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.043
Zeng LS, Liang FH, Chen ZY, Liu FL, Xu ZQ (2009) Metamorphic garnet pyroxenite from the 540–600 m main borehole of the Chinese continental scientific drilling (CCSD) project. Tectonophysics 475:396–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.043
Zhang RX, Yang SY (2016) A mathematical model for determining carbon coating thickness and its application in electron probe microanalysis. Microsc Microana 22:1374–1380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761601182X
Zhang HF, Sun M, Lu FX, Zhou XH, Zhou MF, Liu YS, Zhang GH (2001) Geochemical significance of a garnet lherzolite from the Dahongshan kimberlite, Yangtze Craton, southern China. Geochem J 35:315–331. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.35.315
Zhang HF, Goldstein SL, Zhou XH, Sun M, Zheng JP, Cai Y (2008) Evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China: Re-Os isotopic evidence from mantle xenoliths in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts. Contrib Mineral Petrol 155:271–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0241-5
Zhang H, Zheng JP, Lu JG, Pan SK, Zhao Y, Lin AB, Xiang L (2018) Composition and evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the interior of the South China Block: insights from trace elements and water contents of peridotite xenoliths. Contrib Mineral Petrol 173:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1476-z
Zhang L, Ren ZY, Zhang L, Wu YD, Qian SP, Xia XP, Xu YG (2021) Nature of the mantle plume under the Emeishan large igneous province: constraints from olivine-hosted melt inclusions of the Lijiang picrites. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 126:e2020JB02102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021022
Zhao X, Mo XX, Yu XH, Lu BX, Zhang J (2003) Mineralogical characteristics and petrogenesis of deep-derived xenoliths in Cenozoic syenite-porphyry in Liuhe, western Yunnan Province. Earth Sci Front 10:93–104 ((In Chinese with English abstract))
Zhao JH, Li QW, Liu H, Wang W (2018) Neoproterozoic magmatism in the western and northern margins of the Yangtze Block (South China) controlled by slab subduction and subduction-transform-edge-propagator. Earth-Sci Rev 187:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.10.004
Zhao JH, Nebel O, Johnson TE (2021) Formation and evolution of a Neoproterozoic continental magmatic arc. J Petrol 62:egab029. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egab029
Zheng JP, Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Zhang M, Pearson N, Pan YM (2006) Widespread Archean basement beneath the Yangtze craton. Geology 34:417–420. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22282.1
Zhou Y, Hou ZQ, Zheng YC, Xu B, Wang R, Luo CH (2017) Granulite xenoliths in Liuhe area: evidence for composition and genetic mechanism of the lower crust from the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic. Acta Petrol Sin 33:2143–2160 ((In Chinese with English abstract))
Zieman L, Ibañez-Mejia M, Rooney AD, Bloch E, Pardo N, Schoene B, Szymanowski D (2023) To sink, or not to sink: the thermal and density structure of the modern northern Andean arc constrained by xenolith petrology. Geology 51:586–590. https://doi.org/10.1130/G50973.1
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the editor Prof. Dante Canil and three reviewers (Prof. Emily J. Chin and two anonymous) for their constructive comments that greatly improved the manuscript. We also thank Hao-Qin Sun for assistance in SEM analysis, Fa-Bin Pan for assisting in EPMA analysis, and Di Zhang, Jia-Qi Liang, and Tao Luo for assisting in LA-ICP-MS analysis. This work was jointly supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) (2019QZKK0702), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41930215, 42272053), and the MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (MSFGPMR2022-6).
Funding
The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP), 2019QZKK0702, Jianping Zheng, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, 41930215, Jian-Ping Zheng, 42272053, Hong-Kun Dai, the MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, MSFGPMR2022-6, Qing Xiong
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Communicated by Dante Canil.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, M., Zheng, JP., Dai, HK. et al. Formation and prolonged preservation of dense arc root cumulates: insights from retrograded eclogite xenoliths in the western Yangtze craton. Contrib Mineral Petrol 179, 24 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-024-02099-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-024-02099-z