Abstract
The Azufre volcano (21°47′S; 68°14′W) is emplaced above the western boundary of the Altiplano Puna Magma Body. The youngest lava of the Azufre volcano (50–331 ka) was selected for detailed studies because of the relevant petrological information that could emerge to understand its reservoir as a potential heat source of the neighboring Cerro Pabellón geothermal system. The studied lava corresponds to an andesite-dacite (61–63 SiO2 wt%) with phenocrysts of plagioclase, amphibole (Group 1), biotite, pyroxenes, quartz, and olivine. The lava also contains aphanitic enclaves (58–60 SiO2 wt%), whose groundmass have the same mineralogy of lava samples groundmass consisting of amphibole microphenocryts (Group 2) and microlites of plagioclase, pyroxenes, and Fe–Ti oxides. Disequilibrium textures are commonly observed in the studied samples such as partially resorbed plagioclase phenocrysts, amphibole breakdown, and reverse zoning in pyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts. Thermobarometry calculations indicated pressures of ~ 2 kbar for Group 1 amphiboles, temperatures of 905–1097 °C for Mg-rich pyroxene phenocrysts and Ca-rich plagioclase (An ≥ 66), and near-solidus temperatures of 712–788 °C for Group 1 amphibole-plagioclase pairs. Group 1 amphiboles also indicate crystallization from an evolved liquid (63–79 wt% of SiO2). Oxidation conditions of QFM + 0.9–2.5 log units were recorded in amphibole and Fe–Ti oxides. Rhyolite-MELTS models reproduce the composition of the high-temperature phases from a melt composition (andesitic enclave) at similar P–T-fO2. The arrival of new hot andesite magma into a crystal-rich shallow reservoir, thermally and compositionally zoned, would have triggered the studied eruption. Diffusion models in Fe–Ti oxides microlites indicated cooling temperatures of 742–866 °C during the sub-aerial emplacement of the lava.
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Data availability
The data that support this study are available from the corresponding author, Darío Salvador Hübner, upon request.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Lorena Olivares, Rodrigo Espinoza and Vicente Méndez for their valuable assistance and discussion in the fieldwork. We also acknowledge the team of LAMARX-National University of Córdoba for aid in EMPA analyses. Helpful comments on the manuscript by Philippe Robidoux, Duncan Muir (reviewer), and Chuck Lewis (reviewer) are much appreciated. This work was funded by FONDAP-CONICYT project 15090013 "Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence" and the Department of Geology, both at the University of Chile.
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DH: conceptualization, methodology, computation, evaluation, and visualization; MAP: supervision; EM: supervision; DH wrote the original draft of the paper; all authors discussed the results and commented on the draft of the paper.
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Hübner, D.S., Parada, MÁ., Morgado, E. et al. A tale of a lava from its shallow zoned reservoir to surface: the case of Azufre volcano in the context of the Altiplano Puna Magma Body (northern Chile). Contrib Mineral Petrol 178, 52 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-023-02031-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-023-02031-x