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Titanium-rich metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Arkhangelsk Diamond Province, Russia: insights from ilmenite-bearing xenoliths and HP–HT reaction experiments

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Abstract

To provide new insights into the interaction of ultramafic alkaline melts with the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, we present results of a petrographical-mineralogical study of ilmenite-bearing mantle xenoliths from the Grib kimberlite, Archangelsk, Russia along with results from reaction experiments between harzburgite and Fe–Ti bearing carbonate–silicate melts similar to aillikite. The compositions of orthopyroxene, ilmenite and garnet from our mantle xenoliths are similar to compositions of minerals of the low-Cr megacryst suite from different kimberlite occurrences worldwide including the Grib kimberlite as well as minerals from sheared lherzolite xenoliths captured by the Grib kimberlite. This suggests that ilmenite-bearing xenoliths, megacrysts, and sheared lherzolite xenoliths could have a common origin and/or formed under similar conditions. The reaction experiments were performed at 4 GPa and 1200 °C with varying proportions of aillikite (0, 10, and 50 wt%) that reacted with harzburgite. The experimental runs with 10% and 50% aillikite resulted in two layers within the capsule, with an ilmenite-bearing reaction zone at the contact between aillikite and harzburgite, and an ilmenite-free zone characterized by higher garnet and clinopyroxene abundances. An increase of aillikite melt is directly correlated with increasing TiO2 and decreasing Cr2O3 contents and Mg# values in the mineral phases, most significantly for pyroxenes. Overall, the experiments produce a chemical gradation of minerals from Cr-rich (Fe–Ti-poor) to Cr-poor (Fe–Ti-rich) which is strikingly similar to the chemical gradation observed in minerals from natural mantle-derived xenoliths from kimberlites. In summary, comparison of our experimental data with natural samples indicates possible links between the generation of megacrysts and Ti-rich metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle by ultramafic alkaline (aillikite-related) melts and their possible evolution towards kimberlites. Our results illustrate the importance of melt-rock ratios in generating the mineralogical and chemical diversity in mantle xenolith suites.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to V.G. Dryupin, I.S. Sagaidak, and other colleagues from the Northwestern Regional Fund of Geological Information, Arkhangelsk, for permission and assistance in kimberlite sampling. The part of this research was conducted at the Laboratory of Analytical Techniques of High Spatial Resolution, Department of Petrology, Moscow State University. The purchase of the microprobe was financially supported by the Program for Development MSU. Microprobe studies of minerals were assisted by S. Borisovskii, E. Kovalchuk (IGEM RAS), and N. Korotaeva (Lomonosov Moscow State University). S.G. Simakin and E.V. Potapov (Yaroslavl Branch of the Physicotechnical Institute of RAS) are thanked for SIMS study of garnets and orthopyroxene. At the University of Münster, Maik Trogisch is thanked for sample preparation, and Beate Schmitte is thanked for assistance with EPMA. We are grateful to Thomas Stachel, Sonja Aulbach, and Luca Ziberna for their constructive reviews. We thank Hans Keppler for the efficient editorial handling.

Funding

This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project no. 19–17-00024). Y.B. was funded through a EU Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (Project ID 746518) at the University of Münster.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Alexey Kargin, Anna Nosova & Lyudmila Sazonova

  2. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Alexey Kargin, Anna Nosova & Lyudmila Sazonova

  3. Institute for Mineralogy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

    Yannick Bussweiler, Jasper Berndt & Stephan Klemme

  4. TOFWERK AG, Thun, Switzerland

    Yannick Bussweiler

  5. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    Lyudmila Sazonova

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Kargin, A., Bussweiler, Y., Nosova, A. et al. Titanium-rich metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Arkhangelsk Diamond Province, Russia: insights from ilmenite-bearing xenoliths and HP–HT reaction experiments. Contrib Mineral Petrol 176, 101 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01863-9

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