Abstract
Quizapu is part of a linear system of active volcanos in central Chile. The volcanic petrology and geology have been used to infer the plumbing system beneath the volcano. The 1846–1847 eruption (~5 km3) started with small flows of dacite, then changed to a range of andesite–dacite compositions and finally terminated with large flows of dacite. Andesitic enclaves (<10 %) occur in some of these flows. Activity restarted explosively in 1932 (~4 km3 DRE) with an initial andesite–dacite ash, followed by uniform dacite ash and then a terminal andesite ash. All samples, including the enclaves, have chemical compositions that lie on an almost perfect mixing line, with a few exceptions. The abundant plagioclase macrocrysts in the matrix were divided into five petrographic classes on the basis of colour in cold-cathode cathodoluminescence images and zonation in visible light. All populations of macrocrysts have CSDs characteristic of coarsening, although they differ in detail. Two classes can be ascribed to growth in andesite and dacite magmas, but the three other classes are associated with particular magma batches. A model is developed which started with ponding of andesite magma in the crust. This differentiated to produce a dacite magma, most of which probably solidified to make a granodiorite batholith. Activation of a N–S fault enabled volcanism: andesite magma traversed the dacite-filled chamber, heating and raising it up into storage areas hosted by the fault, where it mixed to form a homogeneous magma. A short time before the 1846–1847 eruption, more andesite magma was injected into the shallow part of the system where it mingled with existing mixed magmas. The first magma to be erupted from Quizapu was a dacite, but soon other storage areas along the fault started to feed the system—first mixed magmas, then back to dacites. The eruption then terminated until 1932 when renewed injection of andesite into the system created a conduit that tapped an undegassed dacite chamber and resulted in a strong explosive eruption. The whole story is one of continual andesite magmatism, modulated by storage, degassing and mixing.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Diego Morata, director of ‘Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes’, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, for logistical help and hosting MDH during his sabbaticals in Santiago, Chile. Oscar Benavente and Cesar Briones helped immensely in the field with the geology and the horses. Philipp Ruprecht supplied sample locations for his samples and gave us a constructive review of the manuscript. Research funding was provided by an NSERC (Canada) Discovery Grant to MDH and FNRS (Belgium) (CDR 19519719) to JVA.
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Communicated by Timothy L. Grove.
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Higgins, M.D., Voos, S. & Vander Auwera, J. Magmatic processes under Quizapu volcano, Chile, identified from geochemical and textural studies. Contrib Mineral Petrol 170, 51 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1209-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1209-5