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Chemical zonation in olivine-hosted melt inclusions

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Abstract

Significant zonation in major, minor, trace, and volatile elements has been documented in naturally glassy olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Siqueiros Fracture Zone and the Galapagos Islands. Components with a higher concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (e.g., MgO, FeO, Cr2O3, and MnO) are depleted at the edges of the zoned melt inclusions relative to their centers, whereas except for CaO, H2O, and F, components with a lower concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (e.g., Al2O3, SiO2, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, S, and Cl) are enriched near the melt inclusion edges. This zonation is due to formation of an olivine-depleted boundary layer in the adjacent melt in response to cooling and crystallization of olivine on the walls of the melt inclusions, concurrent with diffusive propagation of the boundary layer toward the inclusion center. Concentration profiles of some components in the melt inclusions exhibit multicomponent diffusion effects such as uphill diffusion (CaO, FeO) or slowing of the diffusion of typically rapidly diffusing components (Na2O, K2O) by coupling to slow diffusing components such as SiO2 and Al2O3. Concentrations of H2O and F decrease toward the edges of some of the Siqueiros melt inclusions, suggesting either that these components have been lost from the inclusions into the host olivine late in their cooling histories and/or that these components are exhibiting multicomponent diffusion effects. A model has been developed of the time-dependent evolution of MgO concentration profiles in melt inclusions due to simultaneous depletion of MgO at the inclusion walls due to olivine growth and diffusion of MgO in the melt inclusions in response to this depletion. Observed concentration profiles were fit to this model to constrain their thermal histories. Cooling rates determined by a single-stage linear cooling model are 150–13,000 °C h−1 from the liquidus down to ~1,000 °C, consistent with previously determined cooling rates for basaltic glasses; compositional trends with melt inclusion size observed in the Siqueiros melt inclusions are described well by this simple single-stage linear cooling model. Despite the overall success of the modeling of MgO concentration profiles using a single-stage cooling history, MgO concentration profiles in some melt inclusions are better fit by a two-stage cooling history with a slower-cooling first stage followed by a faster-cooling second stage; the inferred total duration of cooling from the liquidus down to ~1,000 °C ranges from 40 s to just over 1 h. Based on our observations and models, compositions of zoned melt inclusions (even if measured at the centers of the inclusions) will typically have been diffusively fractionated relative to the initially trapped melt; for such inclusions, the initial composition cannot be simply reconstructed based on olivine-addition calculations, so caution should be exercised in application of such reconstructions to correct for post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on inclusion walls. Off-center analyses of a melt inclusion can also give results significantly fractionated relative to simple olivine crystallization. All melt inclusions from the Siqueiros and Galapagos sample suites exhibit zoning profiles, and this feature may be nearly universal in glassy, olivine-hosted inclusions. If so, zoning profiles in melt inclusions could be widely useful to constrain late-stage syneruptive processes and as natural diffusion experiments.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Nicole Métrich and Leonid Danyushevsky for their thoughtful reviews, and Jon Blundy for editorial handling of the manuscript. We are grateful to Mike Baker for many encouraging and insightful discussions, and for informal review of the manuscript. We are also grateful for useful discussions with Paul Asimow, Keith Putirka (who shared a large quantity of olivine-melt equilibrium data with us), John Maclennan, Terry Plank, and Madeleine Humphreys. This work was funded by US National Science Foundation Grants EAR-0739091 (EMS), EAR-1019440 (YZ), and OCE-0962195 (AES), and by a NASA Earth and Space Sciences Fellowship to Megan Newcombe.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA

    M. E. Newcombe, A. Fabbrizio, C. Ma, M. Le Voyer, Y. Guan, J. M. Eiler & E. M. Stolper

  2. Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS UMR 6524, Université Blaise-Pascal, OPGC-IRD, 5 Rue Kessler, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France

    A. Fabbrizio

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Youxue Zhang

  4. Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, 20015, USA

    M. Le Voyer

  5. Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    A. E. Saal

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  1. M. E. Newcombe
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Correspondence to M. E. Newcombe.

Additional information

Communicated by Jon Blundy.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

410_2014_1030_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 1: File ESM1.pdf contains further description of the model, an error analysis, model inversion tests, a comparison of the single-stage and two-stage cooling models, conductive cooling calculations, a table of sample names/locations, a table summarizing the results of fitting MgO concentration profiles in Siqueiros and Galapagos melt inclusions to both single-stage and two-stage linear thermal histories, and 17 additional figures. The MATLAB code used to constrain thermal histories of chemically zoned melt inclusions is available from the first author on request (PDF 3912 KB)

410_2014_1030_MOESM2_ESM.xls

Online Resource 2: File ESM2.xls contains supplementary electron microprobe data and backscattered electron images of all of the melt inclusions used in this study (XLS 3998 KB)

410_2014_1030_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 3: File ESM3.pdf contains further discussion of our nanoSIMS data, including a table of compositions of glass standards, two sets of calibration curves, and concentration profiles of H2O, S, Cl, and F in melt inclusions Siq16 and Siq7 (PDF 787 KB)

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Newcombe, M.E., Fabbrizio, A., Zhang, Y. et al. Chemical zonation in olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Contrib Mineral Petrol 168, 1030 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1030-6

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