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Differences in olfactory dysfunction and its relationship with cognitive function in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory verbal hallucinations

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Abstract

Olfactory discrimination dysfunction has been observed in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), but its relationship with cognitive function has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in olfactory identification function in SCZ patients with and without auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and its relationship with cognitive function. Olfactory identification function was measured in 80 SCZ patients with AVHs, 57 SCZ patients without AVHs, and 87 healthy controls (HC). Clinical symptom scores and neuropsychological measures were also administered to all corresponding subjects. Compared to HC, SCZ patients showed significant deficits in olfactory identification and cognitive function, but there were no differences in olfactory identification dysfunction and cognitive dysfunction between the two subgroups. In the non-AVHs subgroup only, poorer Olfactory Stick Identification Test for Japanese (OSIT-J) scores were significantly and positively correlated with total and delayed recall (Bonferroni correction, p < 0.002). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that factors affecting olfactory identification impairment differed in the two SCZ patient subgroups. In conclusion, this study highlights the commonality of olfactory identification dysfunction in SCZ patients and the importance of olfactory assessment of different subtypes of SCZ patients.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, YH or JT, upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We want to sincerely thank everyone who contributed to this endeavor.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82171495 and No. 81871057 to JT, No.81871056 to XC), National key R & D plan of China (Nos. 2022YFE0103700 to JT), Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate (CX20220341 to QianW), Fundamental Research Founds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2022ZZTS0259 to QianW).

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  1. Qianjin Wang and Honghong Ren have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    Qianjin Wang, Honghong Ren, Zongchang Li, Jinguang Li, Lulin Dai, Jun Zhou, Jingqi He, Xiaogang Chen & Ying He

  2. Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China

    Honghong Ren

  3. Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

    Min Dong

  4. RIKEN AIP, Tokyo, Japan

    Lin Gu

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China

    Jinsong Tang

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Contributions

JT and XC were responsible for the design and direction of the study. HR, JL, JH, LD, MD, and JZ were responsible for data collection. HR and QW were responsible for the analysis and interpretation of the data. Drafting of the manuscript was done by QW. JT, XC, YH, and ZL were responsible for critical revision of the article for important content. All co-authors revised the final version and approved it for publication.

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Correspondence to Ying He or Jinsong Tang.

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The Ethics Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (No. S006, 2018) approved this study, which was conducted in accord with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were duly informed of study details, including benefits and potential risks. Written informed consent was obtained.

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Wang, Q., Ren, H., Li, Z. et al. Differences in olfactory dysfunction and its relationship with cognitive function in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory verbal hallucinations. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 273, 1813–1824 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-023-01589-8

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