Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Attentional dysfunction in abstinent long-term cannabis users with and without schizophrenia

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Long-term cannabis use may confer cognitive deficits and increased risk of psychosis. However, the relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia is complex. In particular, little is known about the effects of chronic cannabis use on the attention-related electric brain response in schizophrenia. We investigated auditory novelty and oddball P300 evoked potentials in a mixed sample of first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients and healthy controls with (SZCA, n = 20; COCA, n = 20, abstinence ≥28 days) or without (SZ, n = 20; CO, n = 20) chronic cannabis use. Duration of regular cannabis use was 8.3 ± 5.6 (SZCA) and 9.1 ± 7.1 (COCA) years. In general, schizophrenic patients showed reduced P300 amplitudes. Cannabis use was associated with both a reduced early and late left-hemispheric novelty P300. There was a significant ‘diagnosis × cannabis’ interaction for the left-hemispheric late novelty P300 in that cannabis use was associated with a reduced amplitude in the otherwise healthy but not in the schizophrenic group compared with their relative control groups (corrected p < 0.02; p > 0.9, respectively). The left-hemispheric late novelty P300 in the otherwise healthy cannabis group correlated inversely with amount and duration of cannabis use (r = −0.50, p = 0.024; r = −0.57, p = 0.009, respectively). Our study confirms attentional deficits with chronic cannabis use. However, cannabis use may lead to different cognitive sequelae in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls, possibly reflecting preexisting alterations in the endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Degenhardt L, Ferrari AJ, Calabria B, Hall WD, Norman RE, McGrath J, Flaxman AD, Engell RE et al (2013) The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study. PLoS One 8:e76635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Ringen PA, Lagerberg TV, Birkenaes AB, Engn J, Faerden A, Jonsdottir H, Nesvag R, Friis S et al (2008) Differences in prevalence and patterns of substance use in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 38:1241–1249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Manrique-Garcia E, Zammit S, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Andreasson S, Allebeck P (2012) Cannabis, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: 35 years of follow-up of a population-based cohort. Psychol Med 42:1321–1328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis G (2007) Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 370:319–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Leweke FM, Giuffrida A, Wurster U, Emrich HM, Piomelli D (1999) Elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 10:1665–1669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Leweke FM, Giuffrida A, Koethe D, Schreiber D, Nolden BM, Kranaster L, Neatby MA, Schneider M et al (2007) Anandamide levels in cerebrospinal fluid of first-episode schizophrenic patients: impact of cannabis use. Schizophr Res 94:29–36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Morgan CJ, Page E, Schaefer C, Chatten K, Manocha A, Gulati S, Curran HV, Brandner B et al (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid anandamide levels, cannabis use and psychotic-like symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 202:381–382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Koethe D, Hoyer C, Leweke FM (2009) The endocannabinoid system as a target for modelling psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 206:551–561

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Muller-Vahl KR, Emrich HM (2008) Cannabis and schizophrenia: towards a cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 8:1037–1048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Realini N, Rubino T, Parolaro D (2009) Neurobiological alterations at adult age triggered by adolescent exposure to cannabinoids. Pharmacol Res 60:132–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bolla KI, Brown K, Eldreth D, Tate K, Cadet JL (2002) Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology 59:1337–1343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hanson KL, Winward JL, Schweinsburg AD, Medina KL, Brown SA, Tapert SF (2010) Longitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinence. Addict Behav 35:970–976

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Medina KL, Hanson KL, Schweinsburg AD, Cohen-Zion M, Nagel BJ, Tapert SF (2007) Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13:807–820

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Solowij N (1995) Do cognitive impairments recover following cessation of cannabis use? Life Sci 56:2119–2126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ashtari M, Avants B, Cyckowski L, Cervellione KL, Roofeh D, Cook P, Gee J, Sevy S et al (2011) Medial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis use. J Psychiatr Res 45:1055–1066

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Matochik JA, Eldreth DA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (2005) Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 77:23–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Medina KL, Nagel BJ, Tapert SF (2010) Abnormal cerebellar morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychiatry Res 182:152–159

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Pillay SS, Rogowska J, Kanayama G, Gruber S, Simpson N, Pope HG, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2008) Cannabis and motor function: fMRI changes following 28 days of discontinuation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 16:22–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sevy S, Smith GS, Ma Y, Dhawan V, Chaly T, Kingsley PB, Kumra S, Abdelmessih S et al (2008) Cerebral glucose metabolism and D2/D3 receptor availability in young adults with cannabis dependence measured with positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197:549–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen M, Solowij N, Carr V (2008) Cannabis, cannabinoids and schizophrenia: integration of the evidence. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 42:357–368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gallinat J, Rentzsch J, Roser P (2012) Neurophysiological effects of cannabinoids: implications for psychosis research. Curr Pharm Des 18:4938–4949

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Solowij N, Michie PT (2007) Cannabis and cognitive dysfunction: parallels with endophenotypes of schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci 32:30–52

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Segev A, Lev-Ran S (2012) Neurocognitive functioning and cannabis use in schizophrenia. Curr Pharm Des 18:4999–5007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gorynia I, Schwaiger M, Heinz A (2014) Effects of eye dominance (left vs. right) and cannabis use on intermanual coordination and negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 264:683–695

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. DeRosse P, Kaplan A, Burdick KE, Lencz T, Malhotra AK (2010) Cannabis use disorders in schizophrenia: effects on cognition and symptoms. Schizophr Res 120:95–100

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Dubertret C, Bidard I, Ades J, Gorwood P (2006) Lifetime positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis abuse are partially explained by co-morbid addiction. Schizophr Res 86:284–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ (1992) Influence of cannabis abuse on schizophrenic psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85:127–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Schnell T, Kleiman A, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Daumann J, Becker B (2012) Increased gray matter density in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use: a voxel-based morphometric study using DARTEL. Schizophr Res 138:183–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wobrock T, Falkai P, Schneider-Axmann T, Hasan A, Galderisi S, Davidson M, Kahn RS, Derks EM, Boter H, Rybakowski JK, Libiger J, Dollfus S, López-Ibor JJ, Peuskens J, Hranov LG, Gaebel W, Fleischhacker WW, EUFEST study group (2013) Comorbid substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenia: effects on cognition and psychopathology in the EUFEST study. Schizophr Res 147:132–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rentzsch J, Buntebart E, Stadelmeier A, Gallinat J, Jockers-Scherübl MC (2011) Differential effects of chronic cannabis use on preattentional cognitive functioning in abstinent schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Schizophr Res 130:222–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jeon YW, Polich J (2003) Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: patients, paradigms, and practical implications. Psychophysiology 40:684–701

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gallinat J, Riedel M, Juckel G, Sokullu S, Frodl T, Moukhtieva R, Mavrogiorgou P, Nissle S et al (2001) P300 and symptom improvement in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 158:55–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mathalon DH, Ford JM, Pfefferbaum A (2000) Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: a retrospective longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry 47:434–449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Devrim-Ucok M, Keskin-Ergen HY, Ucok A (2006) Novelty P3 and P3b in first-episode schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30:1426–1434

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. de Sola S, Tarancon T, Pena-Casanova J, Espadaler JM, Langohr K, Poudevida S, Farre M, Verdejo-Garcia A et al (2008) Auditory event-related potentials (P3) and cognitive performance in recreational ecstasy polydrug users: evidence from a 12-month longitudinal study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 200:425–437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kempel P, Lampe K, Parnefjord R, Hennig J, Kunert HJ (2003) Auditory-evoked potentials and selective attention: different ways of information processing in cannabis users and controls. Neuropsychobiology 48:95–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Patrick G, Straumanis JJ, Struve FA, Fitz-Gerald MJ, Manno JE (1997) Early and middle latency evoked potentials in medically and psychiatrically normal daily marihuana users: a paucity of significant findings. Clin Electroencephalogr 28:26–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bocker KB, Gerritsen J, Hunault CC, Kruidenier M, Mensinga TT, Kenemans JL (2010) Cannabis with high delta9-THC contents affects perception and visual selective attention acutely: an event-related potential study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 96:67–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ilan AB, Gevins A, Coleman M, ElSohly MA, de Wit H (2005) Neurophysiological and subjective profile of marijuana with varying concentrations of cannabinoids. Behav Pharmacol 16:487–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Roser P, Juckel G, Rentzsch J, Nadulski T, Gallinat J, Stadelmann AM (2008) Effects of acute oral Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabis extract on the auditory P300 event-related potential in healthy volunteers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18:569–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Roth WT, Tinklenberg JR, Kopell BS (1977) Ethanol and marihuana effects on event-related potentials in a memory retrieval paradigm. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 42:381–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Theunissen EL, Kauert GF, Toennes SW, Moeller MR, Sambeth A, Blanchard MM, Ramaekers JG (2012) Neurophysiological functioning of occasional and heavy cannabis users during THC intoxication. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 220:341–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D’Souza DC, Fridberg DJ, Skosnik PD, Williams A, Roach B, Singh N, Carbuto M, Elander J et al (2012) Dose-related modulation of event-related potentials to novel and target stimuli by intravenous Delta(9)-THC in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1632–1646

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Polich J (2007) Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin Neurophysiol 118:2128–2148

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Marco-Pallares J, Nager W, Kramer UM, Cunillera T, Camara E, Cucurell D, Schule R, Schols L et al (2010) Neurophysiological markers of novelty processing are modulated by COMT and DRD4 genotypes. Neuroimage 53:962–969

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rentzsch J, Penzhorn A, Kernbichler K, Plockl D, Gomez-Carrillo DC, Gallinat J, Jockers-Scherübl DC (2007) Differential impact of heavy cannabis use on sensory gating in schizophrenic patients and otherwise healthy controls. Exp Neurol 205:241–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Barkus E, Lewis S (2008) Schizotypy and psychosis-like experiences from recreational cannabis in a non-clinical sample. Psychol Med 38:1267–1276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Merz J, Lehrl S, Galster V, Erzigkeit H (1975) The multiple selection vocabulary test (MSVT-B)–an accelerated intelligence test. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 27:423–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dragovic M (2004) Categorization and validation of handedness using latent class analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatr 16:212–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20):22–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Pope HG Jr, Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd D (2001) Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:909–915

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hirvonen J, Goodwin RS, Li CT, Terry GE, Zoghbi SS, Morse C, Pike VW, Volkow ND et al (2012) Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Mol Psychiatry 17:642–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O’Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ (2010) International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry 167:686–693

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kröber HL (1998) Psychiatrische Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Einwilligungsfähigkeit. Rechtsmedizin 8:41–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Fabiani M, Kazmerski VA, Cycowicz YM, Friedman D (1996) Naming norms for brief environmental sounds: effects of age and dementia. Psychophysiology 33:462–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bradley MM, Lang PJ (1999) International affective digitized sounds (IADS): stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings (Tech. Rep. No. B-2). The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida, Florida

    Google Scholar 

  57. Jung TP, Makeig S, Humphries C, Lee TW, McKeown MJ, Iragui V, Sejnowski TJ (2000) Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation. Psychophysiology 37:163–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. McMenamin BW, Shackman AJ, Greischar LL, Davidson RJ (2011) Electromyogenic artifacts and electroencephalographic inferences revisited. Neuroimage 54:4–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Onton J, Westerfield M, Townsend J, Makeig S (2006) Imaging human EEG dynamics using independent component analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:808–822

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Debener S, Makeig S, Delorme A, Engel AK (2005) What is novel in the novelty oddball paradigm? Functional significance of the novelty P3 event-related potential as revealed by independent component analysis. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 22:309–321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jockers-Scherübl MC, Wolf T, Radzei N, Schlattmann P, Rentzsch J, Gomez-Carrillo DC, Kuhl KP (2007) Cannabis induces different cognitive changes in schizophrenic patients and in healthy controls. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31:1054–1063

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ford JM (1999) Schizophrenia: the broken P300 and beyond. Psychophysiology 36:667–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Polich J (2012) Neuropsychology of P300. In: Kappenman ES, Luck SJ (eds) The oxford handbook of event-related potential components, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, USA, pp 159–188

    Google Scholar 

  64. Chang L, Yakupov R, Cloak C, Ernst T (2006) Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain 129:1096–1112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Harrison GP Jr, Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd D (2002) Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users. J Clin Pharmacol 42:41S–47S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Solowij N (1998) Cannabis and cognitive functioning. Cambridge University Press, USA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  67. Polich J, Criado JR (2006) Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b. Int J Psychophysiol 60:172–185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Knight R (1996) Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection. Nature 383:256–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, Rice KC (1990) Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1932–1936

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Katona I, Sperlagh B, Sik A, Kafalvi A, Vizi ES, Mackie K, Freund TF (1999) Presynaptically located CB1 cannabinoid receptors regulate GABA release from axon terminals of specific hippocampal interneurons. J Neurosci 19:4544–4558

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Guidotti A, Auta J, Davis JM, Dong E, Grayson DR, Veldic M, Zhang X, Costa E (2005) GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: new treatment strategies on the horizon. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 180:191–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Heckers S, Stone D, Walsh J, Shick J, Koul P, Benes FM (2002) Differential hippocampal expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 messenger RNA in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:521–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Volk DW, Austin MC, Pierri JN, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (2000) Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase67 messenger RNA expression in a subset of prefrontal cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons in subjects with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:237–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Meijer JH, Dekker N, Koeter MW, Quee PJ, van Beveren NJ, Meijer CJ (2012) Cannabis and cognitive performance in psychosis: a cross-sectional study in patients with non-affective psychotic illness and their unaffected siblings. Psychol Med 42:705–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Scholes-Balog KE, Martin-Iverson MT (2011) Cannabis use and sensorimotor gating in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Hum Psychopharmacol 26:373–385

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pesa N, Hermens DF, Battisti RA, Kaur M, Hickie IB, Solowij N (2012) Delayed preattentional functioning in early psychosis patients with cannabis use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 222:507–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fishbein M, Gov S, Assaf F, Gafni M, Keren O, Sarne Y (2012) Long-term behavioral and biochemical effects of an ultra-low dose of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): neuroprotection and ERK signaling. Exp Brain Res 221:437–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sarne Y, Asaf F, Fishbein M, Gafni M, Keren O (2011) The dual neuroprotective-neurotoxic profile of cannabinoid drugs. Br J Pharmacol 163:1391–1401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Spano MS, Fadda P, Frau R, Fattore L, Fratta W (2010) Cannabinoid self-administration attenuates PCP-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms in adult rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20:25–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Seillier A, Advani T, Cassano T, Hensler JG, Giuffrida A (2010) Inhibition of fatty-acid amide hydrolase and CB1 receptor antagonism differentially affect behavioural responses in normal and PCP-treated rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13:373–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cheetham A, Allen NB, Whittle S, Simmons JG, Yucel M, Lubman DI (2012) Orbitofrontal volumes in early adolescence predict initiation of cannabis use: a 4-year longitudinal and prospective study. Biol Psychiatry 71:684–692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Verweij KJ, Zietsch BP, Lynskey MT, Medland SE, Neale MC, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Vink JM (2010) Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: a meta-analysis of twin studies. Addiction 105:417–430

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Vink JM, Wolters LM, Neale MC, Boomsma DI (2010) Heritability of cannabis initiation in Dutch adult twins. Addict Behav 35:172–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Chen CY, Storr CL, Anthony JC (2005) Influences of parenting practices on the risk of having a chance to try cannabis. Pediatrics 115:1631–1639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hayatbakhsh MR, Najman JM, Bor W, O’Callaghan MJ, Williams GM (2009) Multiple risk factor model predicting cannabis use and use disorders: a longitudinal study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 35:399–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Storr CL, Wagner FA, Chen CY, Anthony JC (2011) Childhood predictors of first chance to use and use of cannabis by young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 117:7–15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Schiffman J, Nakamura B, Earleywine M, LaBrie J (2005) Symptoms of schizotypy precede cannabis use. Psychiatry Res 134:37–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Drake RE, Miles KM, Wolford G, Vidaver R, Carrieri K (1999) Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorders in schizophrenia and major affective disorders. J Stud Alcohol 60:278–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank all participants of this study. We also thank Elise Buntebart, Nicole Mauche, Sophia Wagner and Tina Tramm for their contributions to the project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany

    Johannes Rentzsch, Christiane Montag, Hagen Kunte, Doris Plöckl, Rainer Hellweg, Jürgen Gallinat & Golo Kronenberg

  2. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050, Berlin, Germany

    Ada Stadtmann & Maria Christiane Jockers-Scherübl

  3. Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Große Hamburger Straße 5–11, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Christiane Montag

Authors
  1. Johannes Rentzsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ada Stadtmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christiane Montag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hagen Kunte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Doris Plöckl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rainer Hellweg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jürgen Gallinat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Golo Kronenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Maria Christiane Jockers-Scherübl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johannes Rentzsch.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors report no further actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this article.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (doc 47 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rentzsch, J., Stadtmann, A., Montag, C. et al. Attentional dysfunction in abstinent long-term cannabis users with and without schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 266, 409–421 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0616-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0616-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation