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Synthesis and characterization of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole, m-poly(EGDMA-VTA)-TiO2 polymer composite particles and the using of Reactive Orange 16 dye in adsorption and photocatalytic decolorization

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Abstract

Adsorption and photocatalytic decolorization methods were used to remove Reactive Orange 16 dye from textile wastewater by using ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate and 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole, m-poly(EGDMA-VTA)-TiO2 polymer composite particles with magnetic synthesized by suspension polymerization. The characterization of the synthesized m-poly(EGDMA-VTA)-TiO2 particules were carried out by using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS-elemental mapping, ESR, and BET analyses. Both adsorption and photocatalytic decolorization processes of RO16 dye were applied to the polymer particles. The effects of solution pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration, temperature, and time on the adsorption capacity were investigated. The removal of R016 dye reached a maximum at pH 3. Dye substance removal decreased due to increasing temperature and adsorbent amount. As a result of experimental studies, the adsorption of RO16 dye was explained by the Langmuir isotherm, while its kinetics was stated by a pseudo-second-order mechanism. Additionally, thermodynamic functions (ΔHo, ΔGo, and ΔSo) have been determined. At the end of adsorption, the decolorization kinetics were elucidated by examining the adsorbent amount, time, and dye concentration parameters for the photocatalytic decolorization of non-adsorbed dyes. It was determined that the photocatalytic activity was highest at low dye concentration and high photocatalyst content. Additionally, it was determined that decolorization kinetics studies were compatible with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.

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Abbreviations

C e :

Concentration of RO16 at equilibrium (mg L−1)

C 0 :

Initial concentration of RO16 in solution of RO16 (mg L−1)

E a :

Activation energy of adsorption (kJ mol−1)

E fe :

Free energy of adsorption (kJ mol−1)

∆G :

Gibbs free energy of adsorption (J mol−1)

∆H :

Isosteric enthalpy of adsorption (J mol−1)

∆S :

Entropy change of the adsorption process (J mol−1 K−1)

R:

The gas constant (J mol−1 K−1)

q e :

The amount of RO16 adsorbed on the adsorbent at equilibrium (mg g−1)

q t :

The amount of RO16 adsorbed on the adsorbent at any time (mg g−1)

q m :

The maximum amount of RO16 adsorbed per unit mass adsorbent (mg g−1)

Q L :

The maximum amount of RO16 ions adsorbed per unit mass adsorbent (mg g−1)

K L :

The Langmuir constant related to the affinity of binding sites (mL mg−1)

n :

The heterogenity factor

K F :

The Freundlich constant (mg g−1) (L mg−1)1/n

QD-R :

The maximum amount of RO16 adsorbed per unit mass adsorbent (mg g−1)

K D-R :

The Dubinin-Radushkevich constant (mol2 J−2)

ε :

The polanyi potential (J mol−1)

R L :

The dimensionless separation factor

k 1 :

The rate constant of pseudo-first-order adsorption (min−1)

k 2 :

The rate constant of pseudo-second-order adsorption ((g mg−1) min−1)

k0 :

Independent temperature factor ((g mg−1) min−1)

k R :

The rate constant for the modified Ritchie second-order model (min−1)

k dif :

The intraparticle diffusion rate constant (mg (g min0.5)−1)

R 2 :

Linear regression coefficient

t :

Time (min)

T :

Temperature (K)

kapp :

The apparent first-order rate constant (min−1)

Kr :

The reaction rate (mg (L min)−1)

Ks :

The adsorption constant (L mg−1)

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Tübitak for their support. A patent application has been filed for this study (TurkPatent 2022/018576, PCT/TR2023/050372).

Funding

This research is supported by Bursa Uludağ University General Research Project numbered FGA-2021–656. It was carried out in cooperation with Bursa Uludağ University and BUTEKOM Bursa Technology Coordination and R&D Center within the scope of Tübitak 2244 PhD Project (Project number: 119C122) in the Fields of Sustainability in Textiles and Composite Materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey

    Gözde Koçak Mutlu & Ali Kara

  2. Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Nalan Tekin & Sibel Demirel

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  1. Gözde Koçak Mutlu
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Author Contributions: G.K.M: Literature review, experimental studies, preparation of graphics, writing A.K: Subject determination, analysis, data analysis, writing and general coordination, N.T: experimental design, manuscript editing, S.D writing editing, preparation of references and the article in a format suitable for the journal. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sibel Demirel.

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Mutlu, G.K., Kara, A., Tekin, N. et al. Synthesis and characterization of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole, m-poly(EGDMA-VTA)-TiO2 polymer composite particles and the using of Reactive Orange 16 dye in adsorption and photocatalytic decolorization. Colloid Polym Sci 302, 623–642 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-023-05213-y

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