Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Association of eating out frequency and other factors with serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia in Chinese population

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

A significant shift in meal pattern with frequent eating out was closely associated with multiple chronic outcomes, but with limited evidence on hyperuricemia. We aimed to explore the associations between eating out and serum uric acid (SUA) as well as hyperuricemia.

Methods

A total of 29,597 participants were recruited from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect dietary data, including the frequency of eating out. Linear regression models were used to examine the association of eating-out frequency with SUA and BMI. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were performed to assess the association and dose–response relationship between eating-out frequency and hyperuricemia. The mediation effect of BMI between eating out and the risk of hyperuricemia was evaluated.

Results

Eating out was significantly associated with higher SUA levels in the total population and males (P < 0.001). Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs) of hyperuricemia were 1.26 (1.09, 1.46) for the total population and 1.18 (1.00, 1.40) for males (≥ 7 times/week vs 0 time/week). A non-linear positive dose–response relationship between eating-out frequency and hyperuricemia was observed. Furthermore, BMI played a partial mediating role in the relationship between eating out frequency and hyperuricemia, which explained 30.7% in the total population and 44.8% in males.

Conclusion

Our findings indicated that eating out was associated with increased SUA levels and elevated hyperuricemia risk in rural China, especially in males. Moreover, the relationship was partly mediated by BMI.

Clinical trials

ChiCTR-OOC-15006699 (2015-07-06).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and material

The data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Contact Dr. Chongjian Wang (tjwcj2005@126.com) for additional information regarding data access.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Becerra-Tomás N, Mena-Sánchez G, Díaz-López A et al (2020) Cross-sectional association between non-soy legume consumption, serum uric acid and hyperuricemia: the PREDIMED-Plus study. Eur J Nutr 59(5):2195–2206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02070-w

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Masseoud D, Rott K, Liu-Bryan R, Agudelo C (2005) Overview of hyperuricaemia and gout. Curr Pharm Des 11(32):4117–4124. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161205774913318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Shiozawa A, Szabo SM, Bolzani A, Cheung A, Choi HK (2017) Serum uric acid and the risk of incident and recurrent gout: a systematic review. J Rheumatol 44(3):388–396. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.160452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kanbay M, Jensen T, Solak Y, Le M, Roncal-Jimenez C, Rivard C, Lanaspa MA, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ (2016) Uric acid in metabolic syndrome: from an innocent bystander to a central player. Eur J Intern Med 29:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee SY, Park W, Suh YJ, Lim MJ, Kwon SR, Lee JH, Joo YB, Oh YK, Jung KH (2019) Association of serum uric acid with cardiovascular disease risk scores in Koreans. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(23):4632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234632

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Wardhana W, Rudijanto A (2018) Effect of uric acid on blood glucose levels. Acta Med Indones 50(3):253–256

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shah P, Bjornstad P, Johnson RJ (2016) Hyperuricemia as a potential risk factor for type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. J Bras Nefrol 38(4):386–387. https://doi.org/10.5935/0101-2800.20160061

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Desideri G, Grandi E, Rizzoli E, D’Addato S, Borghi C (2019) Arterial stiffness, sugar-sweetened beverages and fruits intake in a rural population sample: data from the Brisighella Heart Study. Nutrients 11(11):2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112674

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Liu R, Han C, Wu D, Xia X, Gu J, Guan H, Shan Z, Teng W (2015) Prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in mainland China from 2000 to 2014: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int 2015:762820. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/762820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Lu J, Sun W, Cui L, Li X, He Y, Liu Z, Li H, Han L, Ji A, Wang C, Zhang H, Ji X, Ren W, Wang X, Li C (2020) A cross-sectional study on uric acid levels among Chinese adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 35(3):441–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04357-w

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Healey LA, Skeith MD, Decker JL, Bayani-Sioson PS (1967) Hyperuricemia in Filipinos: interaction of heredity and environment. Am J Hum Genet 19(2):81–85

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Zeng J, Zhang J, Li Z, Li T, Li G (2020) Prediction model of artificial neural network for the risk of hyperuricemia incorporating dietary risk factors in a Chinese adult study. Food Nutr Res. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v64.3712

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Gao Y, Cui LF, Sun YY, Yang WH, Wang JR, Wu SL, Gao X (2020) Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kaneko K, Aoyagi Y, Fukuuchi T, Inazawa K, Yamaoka N (2014) Total purine and purine base content of common foodstuffs for facilitating nutritional therapy for gout and hyperuricemia. Biol Pharm Bull 37(5):709–721. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b13-00967

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Han QX, Zhang D, Zhao YL, Liu L, Li J, Zhang F, Luan FX, Liu DW, Liu ZS, Cai GY, Chen XM, Zhu HY (2019) Risk factors for hyperuricemia in Chinese centenarians and near-centenarians. Clin Interv Aging 14:2239–2247. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.S223048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Mottaleb KA, Rahut DB, Mishra AK (2017) Consumption of food away from home in Bangladesh: do rich households spend more? Appetite 119:54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Anderson B, Rafferty AP, Lyon-Callo S, Fussman C, Imes G (2011) Fast-food consumption and obesity among Michigan adults. Prev Chronic Dis 8(4):A71

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Adams J, Goffe L, Brown T, Lake AA, Summerbell C, White M, Wrieden W, Adamson AJ (2015) Frequency and socio-demographic correlates of eating meals out and take-away meals at home: cross-sectional analysis of the UK national diet and nutrition survey, waves 1–4 (2008-12). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 12:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0210-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Xue H, Wu Y, Wang X, Wang Y (2016) Time trends in fast food consumption and its association with obesity among children in China. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0151141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ayala GX, Rogers M, Arredondo EM, Campbell NR, Baquero B, Duerksen SC, Elder JP (2008) Away-from-home food intake and risk for obesity: examining the influence of context. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16(5):1002–1008. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang B, Liu L, Qiao D, Xue Y, Liu X, Zhang D, Liu C, Mao Z, Yu S, Shen F, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li W, Li X (2020) The association between frequency of away-from home meals and type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Chinese adults: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Eur J Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02212-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Oh C, Kim HS, No JK (2015) Impact of dining out on nutritional intake and metabolic syndrome risk factors: data from the 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Br J Nutr 113(3):473–478. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Deng B, Luo T, Huang Y, Shen T, Ma J (2012) Prevalence and determinants of hyperlipidemia in moderate altitude areas of the Yunnan-Kweichow plateau in Southwestern China. High Alt Med Biol 13(1):13–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2011.1037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Zheng X, Chen J, Xie T, Xia Z, Loo WTY, Lao L, You J, Yang J, Tsui K, Mo F, Gao F (2017) Relationship between Chinese medicine dietary patterns and the incidence of breast cancer in Chinese women in Hong Kong: a retrospective cross-sectional survey. Chin Med 12:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-017-0138-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Liu Z, Su X, Xiao M, Zhou P, Guo J, Huang Y, Zhan Y (2019) Association between eating away from home and hyperuricemia: a population-based nationwide cross-sectional study in China. Biomed Res Int 2019:2792681. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2792681

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Dong X, Zhang H, Wang F, Liu X, Yang K, Tu R, Wei M, Wang L, Mao Z, Zhang G, Wang C (2020) Epidemiology and prevalence of hyperuricemia among men and women in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Mod Rheumatol 30(5):910–920. https://doi.org/10.1080/14397595.2019.1660048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Zeng Q, Zeng Y (2018) Eating out and getting fat? A comparative study between urban and rural China. Appetite 120:409–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.027

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu X, Mao Z, Li Y, Wu W, Zhang X, Huo W, Yu S, Shen L, Li L, Tu R, Wu H, Li H, He M, Liu L, Wei S, Li W, Wu T, Wang C (2019) Cohort profile: the Henan Rural Cohort: a prospective study of chronic non-communicable diseases. Int J Epidemiol 48(6):1756–1756j. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz039

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Xue Y, Yang K, Wang B, Liu C, Mao Z, Yu S, Li X, Wang Y, Sun H, Wang C, Li W (2020) Reproducibility and validity of an FFQ in the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr 23(1):34–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019002416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Yang X (2004) China food composition table 2004. Peking University Medical Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dong X, Li Y, Yang K, Zhang L, Xue Y, Yu S, Liu X, Tu R, Qiao D, Luo Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Li W, Wang C (2021) Associations of spicy food flavor and intake frequency with blood lipid levels and risk of abnormal serum lipid levels in Chinese rural population: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021001853

  32. Xue Y, Liu C, Wang B, Mao Z, Yu S, Wang Y, Zhang D, Wang C, Li W, Li X (2021) The association between dietary patterns with type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in the Henan rural cohort study. Public Health Nutr 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021000227

  33. Fan M, Lyu J, He P (2014) Chinese guidelines for data processing and analysis concerning the International physical activity questionnaire. Chinese J Epidemiol 35(8):961–964

    Google Scholar 

  34. Matsuo S, Imai E, Horio M, Yasuda Y, Tomita K, Nitta K, Yamagata K, Tomino Y, Yokoyama H, Hishida A (2009) Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis 53(6):982–992. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.12.034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Dong X, Li Y, Yang K, Zhang L, Xue Y, Yu S, Liu X, Tu R, Qiao D, Luo Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Li W, Zheng Z, Wang C (2020) Mediation effect of body mass index on the association between spicy food intake and hyperuricemia in rural Chinese adults: the Henan rural cohort study. BMC Public Health 20(1):1629. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09736-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu X, Jiang J, Liu X, Luo Z, Wang Y, Dong X, Wei D, Li R, Wang Y, Huo W, Yu S, Li L, Jin S, Wang C, Mao Z (2019) Association of serum testosterone with different classes of glucose metabolism and the mediation effect of obesity: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 35(5):e3133. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kim HJ, Oh SY, Choi DW, Park EC (2019) The association between eating-out rate and BMI in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(17):3186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173186

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Ali N, Perveen R, Rahman S, Mahmood S, Rahman S, Islam S, Haque T, Sumon AH, Kathak RR, Molla NH, Islam F, Mohanto NC, Nurunnabi SM, Ahmed S, Rahman M (2018) Prevalence of hyperuricemia and the relationship between serum uric acid and obesity: a study on Bangladeshi adults. PLoS ONE 13(11):e0206850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206850

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Guthrie JF, Lin BH, Frazao E (2002) Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977–78 versus 1994–96: changes and consequences. J Nutr Educ Behav 34(3):140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60083-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. An R (2016) Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption and daily energy and nutrient intakes in US adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 70(1):97–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Choi MK, Lee YK, Heo YR, Hyun T, Lyu ES, Park H, Ro HK, Bae YJ (2019) Association between the frequency of dining out and the risk of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia among Korean adults. Ecol Food Nutr 58(6):560–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2019.1644327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Forman JP, Scheven L, de Jong PE, Bakker SJ, Curhan GC, Gansevoort RT (2012) Association between sodium intake and change in uric acid, urine albumin excretion, and the risk of developing hypertension. Circulation 125(25):3108–3116. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.112.096115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Li R, Yu K, Li C (2018) Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 27(6):1344–1356. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bae J, Shin DH, Chun BY, Choi BY, Kim MK, Shin MH, Lee YH, Park PS, Kim SK (2014) The effect of vitamin C intake on the risk of hyperuricemia and serum uric acid level in Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort. Joint Bone Spine 81(6):513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.05.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rai SK, Fung TT, Lu N, Keller SF, Curhan GC, Choi HK (2017) The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet, Western diet, and risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 357:j1794. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1794

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Vangay P, Johnson AJ, Ward TL, Al-Ghalith GA, Shields-Cutler RR, Hillmann BM, Lucas SK, Beura LK, Thompson EA, Till LM, Batres R, Paw B, Pergament SL, Saenyakul P, Xiong M, Kim AD, Kim G, Masopust D, Martens EC, Angkurawaranon C, McGready R, Kashyap PC, Culhane-Pera KA, Knights D (2018) US immigration westernizes the human gut microbiome. Cell 175(4):962-972.e910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Cohen DA, Story M (2014) Mitigating the health risks of dining out: the need for standardized portion sizes in restaurants. Am J Public Health 104(4):586–590. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301692

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Steenhuis IH, Vermeer WM (2009) Portion size: review and framework for interventions. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 6:58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-58

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Jee YH, Jung KJ, Park YB, Spiller W, Jee SH (2019) Causal effect of alcohol consumption on hyperuricemia using a Mendelian randomization design. Int J Rheum Dis 22(10):1912–1919. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.13668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Siqueira JH, Mill JG, Velasquez-Melendez G, Moreira AD, Barreto SM, Benseñor IM, Molina M (2018) Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and fructose consumption are associated with hyperuricemia: cross-sectional analysis from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Nutrients 10(8):981. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080981

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Bae J, Chun BY, Park PS, Choi BY, Kim MK, Shin MH, Lee YH, Shin DH, Kim SK (2014) Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases the risk of hyperuricemia in Korean population: the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43(5):654–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.10.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wang DD, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, Ha V, Cozma AI, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Di Buono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Beyene J, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ (2012) The effects of fructose intake on serum uric acid vary among controlled dietary trials. J Nutr 142(5):916–923. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.151951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Grandi E, Rizzoli E, Bove M, D’Addato S, Borghi C (2020) Prevalent seasoning and cooking fats, arterial stiffness and blood lipid pattern in a rural population sample: data from the Brisighella Heart Study. Nutrients 12(10):3063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103063

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Shao JH, Shen HB, Mo BQ, Xu YC (2004) A community-based case-control study on risk factors of hyperuricemia among residents in the community. Chinese J Epidemiol 25(8):688–690

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kolz M, Johnson T, Sanna S et al (2009) Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations. PLoS Genet 5(6):e1000504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Nishida Y, Akaoka I, Nishizawa T (1975) Effect of sex hormones on uric acid metabolism in rats. Experientia 31(10):1134–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02326752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Adamopoulos D, Vlassopoulos C, Seitanides B, Contoyiannis P, Vassilopoulos P (1977) The relationship of sex steroids to uric acid levels in plasma and urine. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 85(1):198–208. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.0850198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Leri M, Scuto M, Ontario ML, Calabrese V, Calabrese EJ, Bucciantini M, Stefani M (2020) Healthy effects of plant polyphenols: molecular mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 21(4):1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041250

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Dong X, Liu X, Zhang L, Li R, Tu R, Hou J, Mao Z, Huo W, Guo Y, Li S, Chen G, Wang C (2021) Residential greenness associated with lower serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia prevalence in a large Chinese rural population. Sci Total Environ 770:145300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tang YX, Bloom MS, Qian ZM, Liu E, Jansson DR, Vaughn MG, Lin HL, Xiao LW, Duan CW, Yang L, Xu XY, Li YR, Zhu L, Dong GH, Liu YM (2021) Association between ambient air pollution and hyperuricemia in traffic police officers in China: a cohort study. Int J Environ Health Res 31(1):54–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1628926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks to all participants, researchers, and hospital staff devoted to the Henan Rural Cohort Study for their enthusiastic collaboration. The authors are grateful to all coordinators and reviewers for technical assistance and helpful suggestions in the preparation of this manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Foundation of National Key Program of Research and Development of China (Grant No: 2016YFC0900803), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 81573243, 81602925), Henan Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No: 164100510021), Science and Technology Innovation Talents Support Plan of Henan Province Colleges and Universities (Grant No: 14HASTIT035), Discipline Key Research and Development Program of Zhengzhou University (Grant No: XKZDQY202008, XKZDQY202002). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ningning Cui and Xiaokang Dong contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People’s Republic of China

    Ningning Cui, Xiaokang Dong, Wei Liao, Yuan Xue, Xiaotian Liu, Xing Li, Jian Hou, Wenqian Huo, Linlin Li, Zhenxing Mao & Chongjian Wang

  2. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China

    Yuqian Li

Authors
  1. Ningning Cui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaokang Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wei Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yuan Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xiaotian Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jian Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Wenqian Huo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Linlin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Zhenxing Mao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Chongjian Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Yuqian Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

YQL and CJW conceived and designed the study. XKD, WL, YX, XTL, XL, HJ, WQH, LLL and ZXM coordinated data collection. NNC and XKD conducted the analyses and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Chongjian Wang or Yuqian Li.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

The study was conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zhengzhou University Medical Life Science Committee (Ethic approval code: [2015] MEC (S128)).

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 582 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cui, N., Dong, X., Liao, W. et al. Association of eating out frequency and other factors with serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia in Chinese population. Eur J Nutr 61, 243–254 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02634-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02634-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation