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A review of iron studies in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a double burden in the young?

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Abstract

Introduction

The connection between iron and excessive adiposity has received much research interest. Although children and adolescents have unique developmental phases and nutritional demands, to date, reviews of iron in the overweight (OW) and obese (OB) have combined studies of children and adults or have focussed on adults.

Purpose

The aim of this review was to critically evaluate studies of the relationship between iron and OW and obesity in children and adolescents, with emphasis on iron status, oral iron response, dietary intake and systemic inflammatory markers.

Methods

A PubMed search was conducted to identify relevant articles published up to December 2015. Combinations of the following keywords were used: iron, OW, OB, children, adolescents, diet, hepcidin, inflammation, fortification, supplementation, weight loss, trace elements, obesity, iron deficiency (ID), minerals.

Results and conclusion

A higher prevalence of ID, or risk of ID, among OW and OB children and adolescents has been consistently observed. Chronic inflammation caused by excessive adiposity offers a plausible explanation for this finding, rather than dietary factors. However, future studies must employ screening for the presence of both acute and chronic infections and inflammatory conditions and report other factors such as pubertal status. Intervention studies, although few, indicate that OW and OB children and adolescents have reduced response to oral iron. Further trials are needed to explore the connection between body fat mass, inflammatory proteins and iron absorption, together with the effect of weight loss on iron status in iron-deficient OW and OB children and adolescents.

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Abbreviations

AGP:

α-1 Acid glycoprotein

BMI:

Body mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

CRP:

C-reactive protein

ID:

Iron deficiency

IDA:

Iron deficiency anaemia

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

IQR:

Interquartile range

OB:

Obese

OR:

Odds ratio

OW:

Overweight

NW:

Normal weight

sTfR:

Serum soluble transferrin receptor

SDS:

Standard deviation score

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  1. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand

    Carol Hutchinson

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Hutchinson, C. A review of iron studies in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a double burden in the young?. Eur J Nutr 55, 2179–2197 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1155-7

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