Abstract
The teleconnections of the two types of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on autumn rainfall over Southeast Asia and its 20 subregions are investigated during 1979–2019. Under El Niño, autumn rainfall reduces over the West Philippines and most of the Maritime Continent, while Indochina experiences alternating dry and wet conditions. Under El Niño Modoki, more rainfall reduction is evident in Indochina, East Philippines, Malay Peninsula, and North Sumatra. Conversely, El Niño Modoki causes less dry conditions than El Niño in southern Southeast Asia. La Niña and La Niña Modoki tend to increase autumn rainfall, except in Sumatra and some specific areas in Indochina. However, La Niña Modoki causes notably more rainfall than La Niña in northern Southeast Asia, including Indochina (except Myanmar), the Malay Peninsula, and Philippines. Although insignificant, La Niña Modoki also reproduces more rainfall in eastern Indonesia, whereas displaying less rain in the central and western Maritime Continent. These distinctions of ENSO Modoki compared to ENSO are driven by different sea surface temperature anomalies patterns, leading to a more northward Walker circulation and the presence/strength of an anomalous Philippine Sea cyclone. Positive IOD (negative IOD) also generally results in drier (wetter) autumn, with the rainfall anomaly patterns of positive IOD/negative IOD exhibiting similarities to El Niño/La Niña. However, compared to both types of ENSO, IOD impacts are weaker over Pacific-facing subregions while only stronger in specific equatorial Indian Ocean-facing subregions. This stronger impact comes from reduced (intensified) moisture transport from the equatorial Indian Ocean to southwestern Southeast Asia under positive IOD (negative IOD).
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The authors would like to express respect and gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and constructive suggestions. This study is supported by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under Grant 105.06-2021.14.
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This study is supported by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under Grant 105.06-2021.14.
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Nguyen-Le, D., Ngo-Duc, T. & Matsumoto, J. The teleconnection of the two types of ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole on Southeast Asian autumn rainfall anomalies. Clim Dyn (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07163-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07163-9