Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is often referred to as ‘the Third Pole’ and plays an essential role in the global climate. However, it remains challenging for most global and regional models to realistically simulate the characteristics of climate over the TP. In this study, two Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) experiments using spectral nudging with gray-zone (GZ9) and convection-permitting (CP3) resolution are conducted for summers from 2009 to 2018. The surface air temperature (T2m) and precipitation from the two simulations and the global reanalysis ERA5 are evaluated against in-situ observations. The results show that ERA5 has a general cold bias over southern TP, especially in maximum T2m (Tmax), and wet bias over whole TP. Both experiments can successfully capture the spatial pattern and daily variation of T2m and precipitation, though cold bias for temperature and dry bias for precipitation exist especially over the regions south of 35° N. Compared with ERA5, the added value of the two WRF experiments is mainly reflected in the reduced cold bias especially for Tmax with more improvement found in CP3 and the reduced wet bias. However, the ability of the convection-permitting WRF experiment in improving the simulation of precipitation seems limited when compared to the gray-zone WRF experiment, which may be related to the biases in physical parameterization and lack of representativeness of station observation. Further investigation into surface radiation budget reveals that the underestimation of net shortwave radiation contributes a lot to the cold bias of T2m over the southeastern TP in GZ9 which is improved in CP3. Compared with GZ9, CP3 shows that larger specific humidity at low-level (mid-high level) coexists with more precipitation (clouds) over the southern TP. This improvement is achieved by better depiction of topographic details, underlying surface and atmospheric processes, land–atmosphere interactions and so on, leading to stronger northward water vapor transport (WVT) in CP3, providing more water vapor for precipitation at surface and much wetter condition in the mid-high level.
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Availability of data and material
The station observations used in this work are available at: http://data.cma.cn/en. The ERA5 dataset used in this work is available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5. The CERES-SYN dataset used in this work is available at: https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/data/. The IMERG dataset used in this work is available at: https://gpm.nasa.gov/data/imerg.
Code availability
The analysis code is available on request from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
The research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0606003), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP, Grant no. 2019QZKK0206), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41875124), the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (CH2019-8377) and the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change.
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MM and JT contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by MM, DL and JF. TO, SW and JT helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions. The first draft of the manuscript was written by MM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ma, M., Ou, T., Liu, D. et al. Summer regional climate simulations over Tibetan Plateau: from gray zone to convection permitting scale. Clim Dyn 60, 301–322 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06314-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06314-0