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Long-term trends in the Southern Annular Mode from transient Mid- to Late Holocene simulation with the IPSL-CM5A2 climate model

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Abstract

This study describes time evolution of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in Mid- to Late Holocene simulated with a state-of-the-art transient simulation of the last 6000 years carried out with the IPSL-CM5A2 model. Simulated SAM index exhibits significant long-term linear trends of different sign depending on the season that are closely related to multi-millennial changes in insolation which was the main driver of long-term climate change in the study period. Interactions between changes in insolation and the SAM are linked to temperature and pressure changes developed through the entire Southern Hemisphere. In fact, model results suggest that insolation changes produced significant changes in extratropical temperature gradients that, in turn, induced changes in pressure gradients synthesized by significant long-term linear trends in the SAM index from Mid- to Late-Holocene. Considering that changes in the SAM index synthetize changes in hemispheric patterns of temperature, pressure and winds, results exposed in this study should be considered as reference for reconstructions of SAM evolution in the last 6000 years from climate proxy archives.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the authors on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate comments and suggestions provided by Dr. Chris Brierley and an anonymous reviewer which were very helpful in improving this paper. Pascale Braconnot and Olivier Marti acknowledge PRACE for awarding them access to Curie at GENCI@CEA, France (THROL project). The transient simulation was also performed using HPC resources from GENCI-TGCC thanks to a high-end computing access grant and annual LSCE allocation time (gen2212). Model developments and infrastructure is supported by the IPSL Modeling Center and benefits from the L-IPSL LABEX and IPSL Climate Graduate School (Investissements d’avenir programme ANR-11-IDEX-0004-17-EURE-0006).

Funding

Model developments and infrastructure is supported by the IPSL Modeling Center and benefits from the L-IPSL LABEX and IPSL Climate Graduate School (Investissements d’avenir programme ANR-11-IDEX-0004-17-EURE-0006).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET-Instituto Franco-Argentino para el Estudio del Clima y sus Impactos (IRL 3351 IFAECI)/CNRS-IRD-CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Gabriel Silvestri & Ana Laura Berman

  2. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Pascale Braconnot & Olivier Marti

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  1. Gabriel Silvestri
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  2. Ana Laura Berman
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  3. Pascale Braconnot
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  4. Olivier Marti
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GS and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gabriel Silvestri.

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Silvestri, G., Berman, A.L., Braconnot, P. et al. Long-term trends in the Southern Annular Mode from transient Mid- to Late Holocene simulation with the IPSL-CM5A2 climate model. Clim Dyn 59, 903–914 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06160-0

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