Abstract
The boreal winter precipitation variability over East Asia and the western North Pacific is often attributed to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The present study investigates the independent impacts of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) on winter precipitation anomalies over East Asia and the western North Pacific. It is revealed that anomalous EAWM is accompanied by a south-north dipole pattern of precipitation anomalies in the above regions. During strong EAWM years, the enhanced northeasterly winds induce anomalous convergence and divergence over the tropical and subtropical regions, respectively, leading to anomalous ascent and above-normal precipitation over the southern South China Sea-Philippine Sea and anomalous descent and below-normal precipitation over eastern China-subtropical western North Pacific. Opposite convergence, vertical motion and precipitation anomalies are induced in the above regions during weak EAWM years. In the observations, both ENSO and EAWM contribute to the south-north dipole precipitation anomaly pattern with a larger contribution from ENSO and EAWM for the tropical and subtropical precipitation anomalies, respectively. Atmospheric model experiments with climatological annually varying sea surface temperature forcing confirm the independent role of the EAWM in the formation of the south-north dipole precipitation anomaly pattern. A moisture budget diagnosis shows that the dynamic effect associated with vertical motion is dominant in the formation of the above precipitation anomaly pattern in both the observations and model simulations. The horizontal moisture transport has an additional contribution to the formation of subtropical precipitation anomalies.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
The data used in the present analysis are available for open access.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Chang CP, Erickson JE, Lau KM (1979) Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter-MONEX area during 1974: Part I. synoptic aspects. Mon Weather Rev 107(7):812–829. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107%3c0812:ncsane%3e2.0.co;2
Chang CP, Zhang Y, Li T (2000) Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs: Part II. Meridional structure of the monsoon. J Clim 13:4326–4340. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013%3c4326:IAIVOT%3e2.0.CO;2
Chang CP, Wang Z, Ju J, Li T (2004) On the relationship between western Maritime Continent monsoon rainfall and ENSO during northern winter. J Clim 17(3):665–672. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c0665:OTRBWM%3e2.0.CO;2
Chang CP, Harr PA, Chen HJ (2005) Synoptic disturbances over the equatorial South China Sea and western Maritime Continent during boreal winter. Mon Weather Rev 133:489–503. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-2868.1
Chen W, Graf HF, Huang RH (2000) The interannual variability of East Asian winter monsoon and its relation to the summer monsoon. Adv Atmos Sci 17:48–60
Chen Z, Wu R, Chen W (2014) Distinguishing interannual variations of the northern and southern modes of the East Asian winter monsoon. J Clim 27(2):835–851. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00314.1
Chou C (2004) Establishment of the low-level wind anomalies over the western North Pacific during ENSO development. J Clim 17:2195–2212. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3c2195:EOTLWA%3e2.0.CO;2
Chou C, Neelin JD, Chen CA, Tu JY (2009) Evaluating the ‘rich-get-richer’ mechanism in tropical precipitation change under global warming. J Clim 22:1982–2005. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2471.1
Chou C, Huang LF, Tu JY, Tseng L, Hsueh YC (2009) El Niño impacts on precipitation in the western North Pacific-East Asian sector. J Clim 22:2039–2057. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2649.1
Dong Z, Wang L, Xu P, Pimonsree S, Limsakul A, Singhruck P (2021) Interdecadal variation of the wintertime precipitation in Southeast Asia and its possible causes. J Clim 34(9):3503–3521 (Retrieved May 13, 2021)
Eaton B (2012) User’s guide to the community atmosphere model CAM-5.1.1. NCAR. http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.0/cam/docs/ug5_1_1/ug.pdf. Accessed 3 Sep 2017
Huang RH, Chen JL, Huang G (2007) Characteristics and variations of the East Asian monsoon system and its impacts on climate disasters in China. Adv Atmos Sci 24:993–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-007-0993-x
Huang R, Chen J, Wang L, Lin Z (2012) Characteristics, processes, and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon system. Adv Atmos Sci 29:910–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2015-x
Hurrell JW, Holland MM, Gent PR et al (2013) The Community Earth System Model: a framework for collaborative research. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 94:1339–1360. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1
Jiao Y, Wu R (2019) Propagation and influence on tropical precipitation of intraseasonal variation over mid-latitude East Asia in boreal winter. Atmos Ocean Sci Lett 12(3):155–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2019.1586518
Juneng L, Tangang FT (2005) Evolution of ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in Southeast Asia region and its relationship with atmosphere–ocean variations in Indo–Pacific sector. Clim Dyn 25(4):337–350. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c3742:EOERAI%3e2.0.CO;2
Kanamitsu M, Ebisuzaki W, Woollen J, Yang SK, Hnilo JJ, Fiorino M, Potter GL (2002) NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83:1631–1643
Kay JE, Deser C, Phillips A et al (2015) The Community Earth System Model (CESM) large ensemble project: a community resource for studying climate change in the present of internal climate variability. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 96:1333–1349. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1
Lau KM, Chang CP (1987) Planetary scale aspects of the winter monsoon and atmospheric teleconnections. In: Chang CP, Krishnamurti TN (eds) Monsoon meteorology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 161–201
Lau NC, Wang H (2004) Simulations by a GFDL GCM of ENSO-related variability of the coupled atmosphere–ocean system in the East Asian Monsoon region. In: Chang CP (ed) East Asian Monsoon, World Scientific Series on Meteorology of East Asia, vol. 2, World Scientific, pp 271–300
Liu QY, Jiang X, Xie SP, Liu WT (2004) A gap in the Indo–Pacific warm pool over the South China Sea in boreal winter: seasonal development and interannual variability. J Geophys Res 109:C07012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002179
Liu G, Ji LR, Sun SQ, Xin YF (2012) Low- and mid-high latitude components of the East Asian winter monsoon and their reflecting variations in winter climate over eastern China. Atmos Ocean Sci Lett 5:195–200
Rayner NA, Parker DE, Horton EB, Folland CK, Alexander LV, Rowell DP, Kent EC, Kaplan A (2003) Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res 108(D14):4407. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670
Sumi A, Kimoto M, Shen X (2004) Simulation studies of the Asian monsoon using the CCSR/NIES AGCM. In: Chang CP (ed) East Asian Monsoon, World Scientific Series on Meteorology of East Asia, vol. 2, World Scientific, pp 331–353
Wang N (2007) Progress on researches of East Asian winter monsoon indices. Sci Geogr Sin 27(Suppl):103–110
Wang L, Chen W (2010) How well do existing indices measure the strength of the East Asian Winter Monsoon? Adv Atmos Sci 27(4):855–870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-9094-3
Wang ZZ, Wu R (2021) Individual and combined impacts of ENSO and East Asian winter monsoon on the South China Sea cold tongue intensity. Clim Dyn 56:3995–4012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05682-3
Wang B, Wu R, Fu X (2000) Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: how does ENSO affect the East Asian climate? J Clim 13(9):1517–1536. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013%3c1517:PEATHD%3e2.0.CO;2
Wang B, Wu R, Li T (2003) Atmosphere–warm ocean interaction and its impacts on Asian–Australian monsoon variation. J Clim 16(8):1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16%3c1195:AOIAII%3e2.0.CO;2
Wang C, Wang WQ, Wang DX, Wang Q (2006) Interannual variability of the South China Sea associated with El Niño. J Geophys Res 111:C03023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003333
Wang L, Chen W, Zhou W, Huang RH (2009) Interannual variations of East Asian trough axis at 500 hPa and its association with the East Asian winter monsoon pathway. J Clim 22:600–614. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2295.1
Wang B, Wu Z, Chang CP, Liu J, Li J, Zhou T (2010) Another look at interannual-to-interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon: the northern and southern temperature modes. J Clim 23:1495–1512
Wu R, Wang B (2002) A contrast of the East Asian summer monsoon and ENSO relationship between 1962–1977 and 1978–1993. J Clim 15:3266–3279. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c3266:ACOTEA%3e2.0.CO;2
Wu R, Hu ZZ, Kirtman BP (2003) Evolution of ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in East Asia and the processes. J Clim 16(22):3741–3757. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c3742:EOERAI%3e2.0.CO;2
Wu BY, Zhang RH, D’Arrigo R (2006) Distinct modes of the East Asian winter monsoon. Mon Weather Rev 134:2165–2179
Wu R, Chen W, Wang G, Hu K (2014) Relative contribution of ENSO and East Asian winter monsoon to the South China Sea SST anomalies during ENSO decaying years. J Geophys Res 119:5046–5064. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021095
Wu BY, Su JZ, D’Arrigo R (2015) Patterns of Asian winter climate variability and links to Arctic sea ice. J Clim 28:6841–6858
Xie PP, Arkin PA (1997) Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:2539–2558. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078%3c2539:GPAYMA%3e2.0.CO;2
Zhang RH, Sumi A (2002) Moisture circulation over East Asia during El Niño episode in northern winter, spring and autumn. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 80:213–222. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.213
Zhang Y, Sperber KR, Boyle JS (1997) Climatology and interannual variation of the East Asia winter monsoon: results from the 1979–1995 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Mon Weather Rev 125:2605–2619
Zhang T, Yang S, Jiang X, Zhao P (2016) Seasonal-interannual variation and prediction of wet and dry season rainfall over the Maritime Continent: roles of ENSO and monsoon circulation. J Clim 29:3675–3695. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0222.1
Zhou LT (2011) Impact of East Asian winter monsoon on rainfall over southeastern China and its dynamical process. Int J Climatol 31:677–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2101
Zhou LT, Wu R (2010) Respective impacts of the East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO on winter rainfall in China. J Geophys Res 115:D02107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012502
Acknowledgements
Comments from two anonymous reviewers have helped the improvement of the paper. This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants (41721004, 41775080 and 41530425). The CMAP precipitation data and NCEP-DOE reanalysis 2 data were obtained from http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. HadISST1 SST data were obtained from https://psl.noaa.gov/gcos_wgsp/. Data of model simulations are available at https://zenodo.org/record/4898899#.YLnxT_nniUk.
Funding
The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants (41721004, 41775080 and 41530425).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ZW did the analysis. RW acquired the funding and supervised the research. ZW prepared the draft. All contributed to the revising of the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors agree the submission and publication of the paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Z., Wu, R. & Wang, Y. Impacts of the East Asian winter monsoon on winter precipitation variability over East Asia-western North Pacific. Clim Dyn 58, 3041–3055 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06086-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06086-z