Abstract
Experimental and steady RANS data were generated for high-Reynolds-number rough wall flows beneath a systematically constructed family of bi-directional, continually varying pressure gradient distributions. These flows demonstrate outer-scale Reynolds number independence and qualitatively similar pressure gradient dependence, but reduced history dependence, compared to an equivalent smooth wall flow. The spectrum of fluctuating wall pressure beneath these flows is largely simplified compared to equivalent smooth wall behavior, collapsing on an outer-variable scaling and exhibiting an overlap region independent of pressure gradient and pressure gradient history. The universality of the high-frequency behavior suggests a corresponding universality in the near wall dissipative behavior, contrary to current modeling philosophies for rough wall flows. Corresponding RANS data reveal fundamental issues with the classical roughness boundary condition definition; RANS data fail to replicate the correct Reynolds number dependencies of rough wall flows. These results suggest that while a full understanding of rough wall flow physics is still lacking, such flows exhibit simple, universal relations that are exploitable for advancing our physical understanding and predictive modeling capability.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Peter Chang and the Office of Naval Research for their support under grant numbers N00014-18-1-2455 and N00014-19-1-2109. We are extremely grateful for the contributions of Bill Oetjens, Mason Fitzsimmons, Sasha Mintz, Jarrod Banks, and Humza Butt to wind tunnel testing. We also thank the Virginia Tech Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Machine Shop headed by Mr. James Lambert for their support in designing and manufacturing test hardware and instrumentation. Finally, we thank the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP), the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD), and the Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environments (CREATE) team for computational resources.
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D.J.F. and V.V. performed the experiments, processed the data, and made the figures. D.J.F. performed the computations. C.J.R. supervised and advised the computational work. K.T.L. and W.J.D. supervised the research and oversaw the experiments. All authors contributed to the writing of the paper.
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Fritsch, D.J., Vishwanathan, V., Roy, C.J. et al. Turbulence and pressure fluctuations in rough wall boundary layers in pressure gradients. Exp Fluids 63, 140 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-022-03476-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-022-03476-9