Abstract
The characteristics of acoustic resonance excitation by flow over the arrangement of three unevenly spaced inline cylinders in cross flow were experimentally investigated. Phase-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were conducted to demonstrate the role of the separated shear layers around the cylinders in the excitation mechanism of acoustic resonance. The Strouhal number of self-sustained flow oscillations around the investigated arrangement is presented. Before the onset of acoustic resonance excitation, the location of the middle cylinder has a significant effect on the shear layer separation and impingement mechanism. At flow velocities that caused coincidence between an acoustic mode frequency and the intrinsic vortex shedding frequency that would occur under free-field condition, severe acoustic resonance corresponding to acoustic particle velocities of up to one-tenth of the main flow velocity was observed. For certain arrangements, acoustic resonance was detected at lower flow velocities than necessary for frequency coincidence. The Strouhal number of these pre-coincidence oscillations corresponds to that of a cavity formed between two successive cylinders. Phase-resolved PIV measurements show significant differences between flow field during and in the absence of acoustic resonance. Most importantly, acoustic resonance is excited when vortices roll up and impinge on the middle cylinder and the downstream cylinder, and no flow passes through the two gaps. The acoustic mode frequency and the Strouhal number of the Rossiter-like modes are decreased when resonance takes place at a higher Mach number. The aerodynamic interference between the two successive gaps formed by the three cylinders seems essential to explain the variation in the amplitude of resonance excitation.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- a :
-
Orthogonal mode coefficients
- c :
-
Speed of sound
- D :
-
Cylinder diameter
- \(f_\mathrm{a}\) :
-
Acoustic mode frequency
- \(f_\nu\) :
-
Vortex shedding frequency
- k :
-
Wave number
- L :
-
Center-to-center spacing
- M :
-
Mach number
- \(P_\mathrm{rms}\) :
-
Acoustic pressure
- \(P^*\) :
-
Normalized acoustic pressure
- Re :
-
Reynolds number
- St :
-
Strouhal number
- \(U_\infty\) :
-
Upstream flow velocity
- X :
-
Spacing-to-diameter ratio
- \(\lambda\) :
-
Modal kinetic energy
- \(\omega\) :
-
Vorticity
- \(\phi\) :
-
Phase angle
- \(\rho\) :
-
Density
References
Aiba S, Yamazaki Y (1976) An experimental investigation of heat transfer around a tube in a bank. J Heat Transf 98(3):503
Arafa N, Mohany A (2016) Flow-excited acoustic resonance of isolated cylinders in cross-flow. J Press Vessel Technol 138(1):011302
Blake WK (1986) Mechanics of flow-induced sound and vibration. Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (ISBN: 9780323149617)
Blevins RD (1983) Acoustic resonance in heat exchanger tube bundles. J Acoust Soc Am 73(S1):S34–S34
Blevins RD (1986) Acoustic modes of heat exchanger tube bundles. J Sound Vib 109(1):19–31
Chatellier L, Laumonier J, Gervais Y (2004) Theoretical and experimental investigations of low mach number turbulent cavity flows. Exp Fluids 36(5):728–740
Curle N (1955) The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound. Proc R Soc Lond A 231(1187):505–514
de Jong A, Bijl H, Scarano F (2011) The aero-acoustic resonance behavior of partially covered slender cavities. Exp Fluids 51(5):1353
Detemple-Laake E, Eckelmann H (1989) Phenomenology of ‘Kármán vortex streets in oscillatory flow. Exp Fluids 7(4):217–227
Eisinger FL, Francis JT, Sullivan RE (1996) Prediction of acoustic vibration in steam generator and heat exchanger tube banks. J Press Vessel Technol 118(2):221–236
Henning A, Kaepernick K, Ehrenfried K, Koop L, Dillmann A (2008) Investigation of aeroacoustic noise generation by simultaneous particle image velocimetry and microphone measurements. Exp Fluids 45(6):1073
Howe MS (1997) Low strouhal number instabilities of flow over apertures and wall cavities. J Acoust Soc Am 102(2):772–780
Igarashi T (1981) Characteristics of the flow around two circular cylinders arranged in tandem: 1st report. Bull JSME 24(188):323–331
Igarashi T, Suzuki K (1984) Characteristics of the flow around three circular cylinders. Bull JSME 27(233):2397–2404
Ishigai S, Nishikawa E, Nishamura K, Katsuzo CHO (1972) Experimental study on structure of gas flow in tube banks with tube axes normal to flow: part 1, Karman vortex flow from two tubes at various spacings. Bull JSME 15(86):949–956
Kourentis L, Konstantinidis E (2012) Uncovering large-scale coherent structures in natural and forced turbulent wakes by combining PIV, POD, and FTLE. Exp Fluids 52(3):749–763
Kuo CH, Chein SM, Hsieh HJ (2008) Self-sustained oscillations between two tandem cylinders at reynolds number 1000. Exp Fluids 44(4):503–517
Miksad Richard W (1973) Experiments on nonlinear interactions in the transition of a free shear layer. J Fluid Mech 59(1):1–21
Mohany A (2007) Flow–sound interaction mechanisms of a single and two tandem cylinders in cross-flow. Ph.D. thesis, McMaster University, ProQuest
Mohany A, Ziada S (2005) Flow-excited acoustic resonance of two tandem cylinders in cross-flow. J Fluids Struct 21(1):103–119
Mohany A, Ziada S (2009a) Numerical simulation of the flow–sound interaction mechanisms of a single and two-tandem cylinders in cross-flow. J Press Vessel Technol 131(3):031306
Mohany A, Ziada S (2009b) Effect of acoustic resonance on the dynamic lift forces acting on two tandem cylinders in cross-flow. J Fluids Struct 25(3):461–478
Mohany A, Ziada S (2011) Measurements of the dynamic lift force acting on a circular cylinder in cross-flow and exposed to acoustic resonance. J Fluids Struct 27(8):1149–1164
Mohany A, Arthurs D, Bolduc M, Hassan M, Ziadab S (2014) Numerical and experimental investigation of flow-acoustic resonance of side-by-side cylinders in a duct. J Fluids Struct 48:316–331
Paidoussis MP (1983) A review of flow-induced vibrations in reactors and reactor components. Nucl Eng Des 74(1):31–60
Shaaban M, Mohany A (2015) Passive control of flow-excited acoustic resonance in rectangular cavities using upstream mounted blocks. Exp Fluids 56(4):72
Shaaban M, Mohany A (2018) Flow-induced vibration of three unevenly spaced in-line cylinders in cross-flow. J Fluids Struct 76:367–383
Van Oudheusden BW, Scarano F, Van Hinsberg NP, Watt DW (2005) Phase-resolved characterization of vortex shedding in the near wake of a square-section cylinder at incidence. Exp Fluids 39(1):86–98
Xu G, Zhou Y (2004) Strouhal numbers in the wake of two inline cylinders. Exp Fluids 37(2):248–256
Zdravkovich MM (1977) Review of flow interference between two circular cylinders in various arrangements. J Fluids Eng 99(4):618–633
Acknowledgements
The authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shaaban, M., Mohany, A. Phase-resolved PIV measurements of flow over three unevenly spaced cylinders and its coupling with acoustic resonance. Exp Fluids 60, 71 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2720-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2720-7