Abstract
China’s Bohai Bay has experienced large-scale land reclamation since 2000. These reclamation projects create a nearshore ecological imbalance and shift sediment transport by changing the tidal current. However, these tidal current changes are not comprehensively understood. In this paper, the coastline changes in Bohai Bay due to reclamation are investigated and the responses of the tidal current are calculated through numerical methods. The results show that the coastline length of the bay increases by more than 500 km from 2000 to 2015 with the largest reclamation rate of 150.9 km2/a. Consequently, the current velocity changes with an uneven distribution near the reclamation due to construction masking and dike protrusion. The tidal symmetry also changes in most nearshore areas, with opposite variations in the current velocity at peak flood and ebb tide. In addition, the tide direction deflects to bypass the reclamation and is usually consistent with the coastline. Harmonic analysis of the dominant M2 tidal constituent shows that the range of the reciprocating current is widely extended. The total influence of the reclamation can reach the -8-m isobaths in Bohai Bay. Changes in the tidal current are the main causes of water environment deterioration. Therefore, the arrangement and structural optimization of reclamation projects should be considered in the future.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability Statement
All data generated and/or analyzed during this study are available on request.
References
Bai Y C, Wen Z C, Xu H J. 2019. Simulation the response and predict the effect of concentrated-heated brine discharged into the Bohai Bay under reclamation condition. Haiyang Xuebao, 41(3): 62–75. (in Chinese with English abstract), https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.03.008.
Bárcena J F, García A, Gómez A G et al. 2012. Spatial and temporal flushing time approach in estuaries influenced by river and tide. An application in Suances Estuary (Northern Spain). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 112: 40–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.08.013.
Cao W T, Zhou Y Y, Li R et al. 2020. Mapping changes in coastlines and tidal flats in developing islands using the full time series of Landsat images. Remote Sensing of Environment, 239: 111665, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111665.
Chu N Y, Yao P, Ou S Y et al. 2022. Response of tidal dynamics to successive land reclamation in the Lingding Bay over the last century. Coastal Engineering, 173: 104095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2022.104095.
Deng G F, Shen Y M, Li C P et al. 2020. Computational investigation on hydrodynamic and sediment transport responses influenced by reclamation projects in the Meizhou Bay, China. Frontiers of Earth Science, 14(3): 493–511, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-019-0758-8.
Ding X S, Shan X J, Chen Y L et al. 2019. Dynamics of shoreline and land reclamation from 1985 to 2015 in the Bohai Sea, China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29(12): 2031–2046, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1703-1.
Ding Y M, Wei H. 2017. Modeling the impact of land reclamation on storm surges in Bohai Sea, China. Natural Hazards, 85(1): 559–573, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2586-4.
Feng L, Zhu X D, Sun X. 2014. Assessing coastal reclamation suitability based on a fuzzy-AHP comprehensive evaluation framework: a case study of Lianyungang, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 89(1–2): 102–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.029.
Gao G D, Wang X H, Bao X W et al. 2018. The impacts of land reclamation on suspended-sediment dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 206: 61–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.01.012.
Gao G D, Wang X H, Bao X W. 2014. Land reclamation and its impact on tidal dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 151: 285–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.07.017.
Hou Q Z, Lu Y J, Wang Z L. 2017. Cumulative impacts of high intensity reclamation in Bohai Bay on tidal wave system and its mechanism. Chinese Science Bulletin, 62(30): 3479–3489, https://doi.org/10.1360/N972017-00468. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Hu C, You Z J, Mao H Y et al. 2018. Assessing impacts of large-scale Coastal land reclamation on marine environment on the coast of China. Journal of Coastal Research, 85: 1486–1490, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI85-298.1.
Huang D J, Su J L, Backhaus J O. 1999. Modelling the seasonal thermal stratification and baroclinic circulation in the Bohai Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 19(11): 1485–1505, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(99)00026-6.
Iqbal M, Widyaningtias, Wiyono A et al. 2021. Effect of permeable structure on coastal sediment transport in Demak Regency, Central Java, Indonesia Model by using Delft3D software. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 698(1): 012040, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/698/1/012040.
Jia H, Shen Y M, Su M R et al. 2018. Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic and water quality effects of shoreline changes in Bohai Bay. Frontiers of Earth Science, 12(3): 625–639, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-018-0688-x.
Jiang S H, Hu R J, Feng X L et al. 2018. Influence of the construction of the Yantai West Port on the dynamic sedimentary environment. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 36(1): 43–51, https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2017.1278809.
Kang S K, Foreman M G G, Lie H J et al. 2002. Two-layer tidal modeling of the Yellow and East China Seas with application to seasonal variability of the M2 tide. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 107(C3): 3020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000838.
Kang S K, Jung K T, Kim E J et al. 2013. Tidal regime change due to the large scale of reclamation in the west coast of the Korean Peninsula in the Yellow and East China Seas. Journal of Coastal Research, 65: 254–259, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI65-044.1.
Kuang C P, Huang J, Lee J et al. 2013. Impact of large-scale reclamation on hydrodynamics and flushing in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(6): 128–143, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-11-00153.1.
Kuang C P, Mao X D, Liu P C et al. 2015. Influence of wind force on a silt-muddy coast: Huanghua Harbor Coast, China. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 141(6): 05015001, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000299.
Li H J, Gao X L, Gu Y B et al. 2018. Comprehensive large-scale investigation and assessment of trace metal in the coastal sediments of Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 129(1): 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.022.
Li M G, Zheng J Y. 2007. Introduction to Chinatide software for tide prediction in China seas. Journal of Waterway and Harbor, 28(1): 65–68, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-8443.2007.01.015. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Li Y Y, Feng H, Yuan D K et al. 2019. Mechanism study of transport and distributions of trace metals in the Bohai Bay, China. China Ocean Engineering, 33(1): 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-019-0008-6.
Liang H D, Kuang C P, Olabarrieta M et al. 2018. Morphodynamic responses of Caofeidian channel-shoal system to sequential large-scale land reclamation. Continental Shelf Research, 165: 12–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2018.06.004.
Lin L, Liu Z, Xie L et al. 2015. Dynamics governing the response of tidal current along the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay to land reclamation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120(4): 2958–2972, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010434.
Lou A G, Hu Y B, Kuang L et al. 2009. Analysis and prediction of influence imposed on Jiaozhou Bay tidal currents and tidal energy of M2 tidal system by Jiaozhou Bay reclamation. Journal of Ocean University of China, 8(1): 23–29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-009-0023-y.
Lü J X, Wang Y W, Zhang Q H et al. 2007. Contamination trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in sediments from Dagu Drainage River estuary, Tianjin. Chinese Science Bulletin, 52(10): 1327–1337, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0202-4.
Lu Y J, Ji R Y, Zuo L Q. 2009. Morphodynamic responses to the deep water harbor development in the Caofeidian sea area, China— s Bohai Bay. Coastal Engineering, 56(8): 831–843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.02.005.
Manda A, Matsuoka K. 2006. Changes in tidal currents in the ariake sound due to reclamation. Estuaries and Coasts, 29(4): 645–652, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02784289.
Meyerjürgens J, Ricker M, Schakau V et al. 2020. Relative dispersion of surface drifters in the North Sea: the Effect of tides on mesoscale diffusivity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(8): e2019JC015925, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015925.
Miao D D, Xue Z H. 2021. The current developments and impact of land reclamation control in China. Marine Policy, 134: 104782, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104782.
Mu D, Yuan D K, Feng H et al. 2017. Nutrient fluxes across sediment-water interface in Bohai Bay Coastal Zone, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114(2): 705–714, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.056.
Niu L X, Luo X X, Cai H Y et al. 2021. Seasonal dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between water and sediment in a tide-dominated estuary and ecological risks for estuary management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162: 111831, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111831.
Peng S T. 2015. The nutrient, total petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contents in the seawater of Bohai Bay, China: temporal-spatial variations, sources, pollution statuses, and ecological risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 95(1): 445–451, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.032.
Qi Y J, Liu X, Wang Z et al. 2020. Comparison of receptor models for source identification of organophosphate esters in major inflow rivers to the Bohai Sea, China. Environmental Pollution, 265: 114970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114970.
Shan B Q, Li J, Zhang W Q et al. 2016. Characteristics of phosphorus components in the sediments of main rivers into the Bohai Sea. Ecological Engineering, 97: 426–433, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.10.042.
Shang J C, Sun J, Tao L et al. 2019. Combined effect of tides and wind on water exchange in a semi-enclosed shallow sea. Water, 11(9): 1762, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091762.
Shi J H, Li G X, Wang P. 2011. Anthropogenic influences on the tidal prism and water exchanges in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Journal of Coastal Research, 27(1): 57–72, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00011.1.
Song D H, Wang X H, Cao Z Y et al. 2013. Suspended sediment transport in the deepwater navigation channel, Yangtze River Estuary, China, in the dry season 2009: 1. Observations over spring and neap tidal cycles. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(10): 5555–5567, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20410.
Song D H, Wang X H. 2013. Suspended sediment transport in the deepwater navigation channel, Yangtze River Estuary, China, in the dry season 2009: 2. Numerical simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(10): 5568–5590, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20411.
Suh S W, Lee H Y, Kim H J. 2014. Spatio-temporal variability of tidal asymmetry due to multiple coastal constructions along the west coast of Korea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 151: 336–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.09.007.
Sun J, Tao J H. 2006. Relation matrix of water exchange for sea bays and its application. China Ocean Engineering, 20(4): 529–544, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0890-5487.2006.04.002.
Tian B, Wu W T, Yang Z Q et al. 2016. Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 170: 83–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.006.
Wang F, Tian L Z, Jiang X Y et al. 2018. Human-induced changes in recent sedimentation rates in Bohai Bay, China: implications for coastal development. Science China Earth Sciences, 61(10): 1510–1522, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9237-4.
Wang J, Hong H S, Zhou L M et al. 2013. Numerical modeling of hydrodynamic changes due to coastal reclamation projects in Xiamen Bay, China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 31(2): 334–344, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-013-2109-z.
Wang W Z, Dong L J. 2007. Basic characteristics of flow field in Bohai Sea by Mike 21 simulation. Yellow River, (10): 32–33, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2007.10.014. (in Chinese)
Wang Y Z, Wu D, Shi H H et al. 2015. Impact of reclamation on water exchange in Bohai Bay in recent decade. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 46(3): 471–480, https://doi.org/10.11693/hyhz20140700194. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu F, Tao J F, Zhou Z et al. 2016. Mechanisms underlying the regional morphological differences between the northern and southern radial sand ridges along the Jiangsu Coast, China. Marine Geology, 371: 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.10.019.
Xu H J, Huang Z, Bai Y C et al. 2020a. Numerical analysis of sediment deposition in Yangtze River Estuary: Insight from conceptual estuary models. Applied Ocean Research, 104: 102372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102372.
Xu H J, Huang Z, Bai Y et al. 2020b. Effects of flow circulations on the sediment dynamics in the deep-water navigation channel of the Yangtze River estuary. Journal of Coastal Research, 95(sp1): 723a–727a, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI95-141.1.
Xu X F, He Q Q, Song D et al. 2018. Comparison of hydrodynamic influence between different types of bay reclamations. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 30(4): 694–700, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42241-018-0075-9.
Xu Y D, Gao H W, Wei X et al. 2021. The effects of reclamation activity and Yellow River runoff on coastline and area of the Laizhou Bay, China. Journal of Ocean University of China, 20(3): 729–739, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-021-4746-8.
Yang W K, Feng X R, Yin B S. 2019. The impact of coastal reclamation on tidal and storm surge level in Sanmen Bay, China. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 37(6): 1971–1982, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-8247-1.
Yang Y, Chui T F M. 2017. Hydrodynamic and transport responses to land reclamation in different areas of semi-enclosed subtropical bay. Continental Shelf Research, 143: 54–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.06.008.
Yang Y, Chui T F M. 2018. Combined ecohydrological effects of wind regime change and land reclamation on a tidal marsh in semi-enclosed bay. Ecological Engineering, 124: 123–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.026.
Yu J, Bao X W, Ding Y et al. 2016. The impact of large-scale reclamation on hydro-dynamic environment - a case study of Xinghua Bay. Journal of Ocean University of China, 15(4): 583–592, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-016-2911-2.
Yu J, Zhang W, Tan Y et al. 2021. Dual-isotope-based source apportionment of nitrate in 30 rivers draining into the Bohai Sea, North China. Environmental Pollution, 283: 117112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117112.
Yuan D K, Li G, Wang D S et al. 2015. Numerical simulation of effects of land reclamation on water exchange capability of Bohai Bay. Journal of Tianjin University (Science and Technology), 48(7): 605–613, https://doi.org/10.11784/tdxbz201312095. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang W, Li Y T, Wang X Y et al. 2005. Experimental study on deposition promotion of permeable structure. Journal of Sichuan University (Engineering Science Edition), 37(6): 31–37, https://doi.org/10.15961/j.jsuese.2005.06.00. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng B H, Qin Y W, Meng W et al. 2007. Historical evolvement trends of nutrients in waters of Bohai Bay from 1985 to 2003. Environmental Science, 28(3): 494–499, https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.2007.03.009. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu G R, Xie Z L, Li T Y et al. 2017a. Assessment ecological risk of heavy metal caused by high-intensity land reclamation in Bohai Bay, China. PLoS One, 12(4): e0175627, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175627.
Zhu G R, Xu X G, Wang H et al. 2017b. The ecological cost of land reclamation and its enlightenment to coast sustainable development in the northwestern Bohai Bay, China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 36(4): 97–104, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-017-1016-0.
Zhu H, Bing H J, Yi H P et al. 2018a. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Caofeidian adjacent sea after the land reclamation, Bohai Bay. Journal of Chemistry, 108(108): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2049353.
Zhu L H, Hu R J, Zhu H J et al. 2018b. Modeling studies of tidal dynamics and the associated responses to coastline changes in the Bohai Sea, China. Ocean Dynamics, 68(12): 1625–1648, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1212-2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52109097, 51979185)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, Z., Xu, H., Bai, Y. et al. Coastline changes and tidal current responses due to the large-scale reclamations in the Bohai Bay. J. Ocean. Limnol. 41, 2045–2059 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-022-2235-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-022-2235-6