Abstract
This work investigates the effect of porous auxetic structure on low-frequency piezoelectric energy harvesting (bimorph cantilever) systems. Two auxetic-based systems are proposed to apply transverse loads: full length auxetic (AS1) and patch auxetic (AS2) piezoelectric energy harvesting system. The objective is to achieve the optimum design solutions for auxetic systems that result in a higher output power than a conventional energy harvesting system (CD) when operated at low resonance frequencies (20–100 Hz). In the present work, Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 (PZT-5H), 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3(BZT-BCT) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric materials are considered, while an auxetic sheet made up of brass is used as a substrate for energy harvesting. The results show that the PVDF is a suitable piezoelectric material for AS1 system to improve the power. The maximum power of 211 µW is achieved at optimum auxetic sheet thickness. It is also observed that AS1 can improve power as high as two times compared to CD operating at particular sheet thicknesses. However, AS2 should be used for ceramic-based materials and enhance power by 30.8% and 24.3% at optimum sheet thicknesses when PZT-5H and BZT-BCT are used as piezoelectric material. It is recommended that instead of focusing solely on maximizing power, the maximum stress generated in the piezoelectric layers should be considered as well to look at its practical feasibility.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
References
P. Eghbali, D. Younesian, S. Farhangdoust, Int. J. Energy Res. 44, 1179 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5010
P. Eghbali, D. Younesian, A. Moayedizadeh, M. Ranjbar, Sci. Rep. 10, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73425-1
Y. Umino, T. Tsukamoto, S. Shiomi, K. Yamada, and T. Suzuki, in Development of vibration energy harvester with 2D mechanical metamaterial structure, 2018 (IOP Publishing), p. 012103, doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1052/1/012103.
L. Wang, L. Zhao, Z. Jiang, G. Luo, P. Yang, X. Han, X. Li, R. Maeda, AIP Adv. 9, 095067 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5119328
A. Toprak, O. Tigli, Appl. Phys. Rev. 1, 031104 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4896166
C. Bowen, H. Kim, P. Weaver, S. Dunn, Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 25 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42454E
Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, E.S. Kim, J. Appl. Phys. 115, 064908 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4865792
Y. Kuang, Z. Yang, M. Zhu, Smart Mater. Struct. 25, 085029 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/085029
M. Amin Karami and D. J. Inman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 042901 (2012), doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3679102.
J. Cao, W. Wang, S. Zhou, D.J. Inman, J. Lin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 143904 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4932947
G. Zhu, R. Yang, S. Wang, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 10, 3151 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl101973h
D. Xue, Y. Zhou, H. Bao, J. Gao, C. Zhou, X. Ren, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 122901 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3640214
M. Acosta, N. Novak, V. Rojas, S. Patel, R. Vaish, J. Koruza, G. A. RossettiJr., and J. Rödel, Appl. Phys. Rev. 4, 041305 (2017), doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4990046.
W.-S. Jung, M. Lee, S.-H. Baek, I.K. Jung, S.-J. Yoon, C.-Y. Kang, Nano Energy 22, 514 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.043
R. Sriramdas, S. Chiplunkar, R. M. Cuduvally, and R. Pratap, IEEE Sens. J. 15, 3338 (2015), doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2387882
Y.-F. Su, R.R. Kotian, N. Lu, Compos. B. Eng. 153, 124 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.07.018
M.R. Hasan, S.-H. Baek, K.S. Seong, J.H. Kim, I.-K. Park, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 7, 5768 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/am5085379
A. Berksoy-Yavuz, U. Savacı, S. Turan, S. Alkoy, E. Mensur-Alkoy, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31, 9650 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03510-8
T. Fey, F. Eichhorn, G. Han, K. Ebert, M. Wegener, A. Roosen, K.-I. Kakimoto, P. Greil, Smart Mater. Struct. 25, 015017 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/1/015017
M. Xie, Y. Zhang, M.J. Kraśny, C. Bowen, H. Khanbareh, N. Gathercole, Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 2919 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01551A
R. Kiran, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Vaish, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 17, 1328 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13370
R. Kiran, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Vaish, Scr. Mater. 151, 76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.03.029
M.L. De Bellis, A. Bacigalupo, Smart Mater. Struct. 26, 085037 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa7772
W. J. Ferguson, Y. Kuang, K. E. Evans, C. W. Smith, and M. Zhu, Sens. Actuators, A 282, 90 (2018), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.09.019.
M. Lei, W. Hong, Z. Zhao, C. Hamel, M. Chen, H. Lu, H.J. Qi, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 11, 22768 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b06081
Q. Li, Z. He, E. Li, Acta Mech. 230, 2905 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-019-02437-4
P. Eghbali, D. Younesian, S. Farhangdoust, Appl. Energy 270, 115217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115217
S. Farhangdoust, in Auxetic cantilever beam energy harvester, 2020 (International Society for Optics and Photonics), p. 113820V, doi:https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2559327
Q. Li, Y. Kuang, M. Zhu, AIP Adv. 7, 015104 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4974310
K.E. Evans, M. Nkansah, I. Hutchinson, S. Rogers, Nature 353, 124 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1038/353124a0
Y. Jiang, Y. Li, Sci. Rep. 8, 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20795-2
W. Zhang, S. Zhao, R. Sun, F. Scarpa, J. Wang, Polymers 11, 1132 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071132
E. Kim, J. Yang, H. Hwang, C.W. Shul, Int. J. Impact Eng. 101, 24 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.09.006
S.L. Zhang, Y.C. Lai, X. He, R. Liu, Y. Zi, Z.L. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1606695 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201606695
H. Kalathur, R. Lakes, J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 27, 2568 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X15624802
V.Y. Topolov, C. Bowen, Mater. Lett. 142, 265 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.12.018
H. Ghasemi, H.S. Park, T. Rabczuk, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 313, 239 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2016.09.029
H. Ghasemi, H.S. Park, T. Rabczuk, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 332, 47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2017.12.005
P. Gaudenzi, Comput. Struct. 65, 157 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949%2896%2900375-6
H. Ghasemi, H.S. Park, N. Alajlan, T. Rabczuk, Int. J. Comput. Methods 17, 1850097 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219876218500974
H. Ghasemi, H.S. Park, X. Zhuang, T. Rabczuk, Comput. Mater. Contin. 65, 1157 (2020). https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.08358
S. Nanthakumar, T. Lahmer, X. Zhuang, G. Zi, T. Rabczuk, Inverse Probl. Sci. Eng. 24, 153 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/17415977.2015.1017485
D. Grzybek, W. Sikora, D. Kata, and P. Micek, in Comparative numerical analysis of a piezoelectric harvester based on non-auxetic and auxetic material, 2020 (IEEE), p. 1, doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCC49264.2020.9257264.
A. Sharma, O. Olszewski, J. Torres, A. Mathewson, R. Houlihan, Procedia Eng. 120, 645 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.695
J. Sirohi, in Ferroelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Storage (Elsevier, 2021), p. 187, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102802-5.00006-6.
J.W. Sohn, J. Jeon, S.-B. Choi, Adv. Mech. Eng. 5, 420345 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/420345
G. Han, S. Lee, H.-S. Ahn, Tribol. Lubr. Technol. 30, 218 (2014). https://doi.org/10.9725/kstle.2014.30.4.218
M. Taylor, L. Francesconi, M. Gerendás, A. Shanian, C. Carson, K. Bertoldi, Adv. Mater. 26, 2365 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304464
K.M. Hamdia, H. Ghasemi, X. Zhuang, N. Alajlan, T. Rabczuk, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 337, 95 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2018.03.016
S. Priya and D. J. Inman, Energy harvesting technologies, Vol. 21 (Springer, Boston, MA, 2009), doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76464-1.
A. Kumar, A. Sharma, R. Kumar, R. Vaish, V.S. Chauhan, J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 2, 138 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.02.001
J. Kim, V.V. Varadan, V.K. Varadan, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 40, 817 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0207(19970315)40:5%3c817::AID-NME90%3e3.0.CO;2-B
Q. Zhao, Y. Liu, L. Wang, H. Yang, D. Cao, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 11, 153 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.08.001
Y. Kuang and M. Zhu, Sens. Actuators, A 263, 510 (2017), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.07.009.
S. Patel, R. Vaish, J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 26, 321 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X14525491
E. Varadrajan and M. Bhanusri, in Design and simulation of unimorph piezoelectric energy harvesting system, 2013, p. 17.
Acknowledgements
S. Patel thanks Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) for financial support in the frame of the Start-up Research Grant no. SRG/2020/000188. Arnab also thanks SERB for financial support for internship/scholarship.
Funding
The research is funded by Science and Engineering Research Board, Grant No. SRG/2020/000188.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roy Chowdhury, A., Saurabh, N., Kiran, R. et al. Effect of porous auxetic structures on low-frequency piezoelectric energy harvesting systems: a finite element study. Appl. Phys. A 128, 62 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-05199-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-05199-w