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Recent progress on piezoelectric energy harvesting: structures and materials

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Abstract

With the rapid development of advanced technology, piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) with the advantage of simple structure, polluted relatively free, easily minimization, and integration has been used to collect the extensive mechanical energy in our living environment holding great promise to power the self-sustainable system and portable electronics. In this paper, attempts have been made to review the progress of piezoelectric materials and devices used for energy harvesting. The review focused on three parts: structure of piezoelectric devices (cantilever, cymbal, and stacks); theoretical mode, including vibration mode (d31 and d33) and its responding theories of different devices; and piezoelectric materials, among which the electric performance of Pb(ZrTi)O3-based, lead-free-based, and composites applied in bulk/micro/nano-PEH devices were introduced in details. It is suggested that a new structure of PEH should be designed by combining advantages of cantilever, stacks, and cymbal structure. Besides, high d33 × g33 value and low ε of piezoelectric materials are required in order to generate high electric output power for bulk/micro/nano-PEH. Additionally, lead-free piezoelectric ceramics is a candidate for manufacturing PEH devices, and nano-composite materials should be developed to further improve the flexibility of piezoelectric materials.

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Abbreviations

T c :

Curie temperature

d ij :

Piezoelectric constant

\( {d}_{33}^{eff} \) :

Effective piezoelectric constant

g ij :

Piezoelectric voltage constant

\( {g}_{33}^{eff} \) :

Effective piezoelectric voltage constant

k p :

Electromechanical coupling coefficient

Q m :

Mechanical quality factor

ε :

Dielectric constant

ε o :

Dielectric constant of vacuum

ε r :

Relative dielectric constant

E :

Electric field

T:

Temperature

S :

Active area of nano-materials

K:

Amplification coefficient for cymbal

P MAX :

Maximum output power

R OPT :

Optimal resistor

ω :

Angular frequency

l :

Length of beam

w :

Width of beam

t :

Time

t p :

Thickness of piezoelectric element

t s :

Thickness of cantilever metal substrate

t m :

Thickness of metal endcap

t h :

Height of the cavity

s :

Strain

r b :

Radius of the bottom part for the endcap cavity

r t :

Radius of the top part for the endcap cavity

r p :

Radius of the piezoelectric element for the endcap cavity

H :

Bending degree of cantilever

A :

Area of piezoelectric element

n :

Number of piezoelectric layer

R :

Resistor load

η :

Energy efficiency

V op :

Open-circuit voltage

Q :

Charge

P :

Output power

C o :

Vacuum capacitance of energy harvesting

C :

Capacitance of energy harvesting

i :

Polarization direction of piezoelectric materials

j :

Stain direction of the piezoelectric materials

AC :

Alternating current

DC :

Direct current

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51672219, 51702259), the International Cooperation Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2017KW-025), the Basic Research Program of Shenzhen (No. JCYJ20170306155944271), the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing (NWPU), China (No.137-QP-2015), and the “111” Project (No. B08040).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, NPU-QMUL Joint Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Structures (JRI-AMAS), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Leilei Li, Jie Xu, Junting Liu & Feng Gao

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  1. Leilei Li
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  2. Jie Xu
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  3. Junting Liu
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  4. Feng Gao
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Correspondence to Feng Gao.

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Li, L., Xu, J., Liu, J. et al. Recent progress on piezoelectric energy harvesting: structures and materials. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 1, 478–505 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-018-0046-1

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