Abstract
This paper relates to a computational investigation of nanomechanical properties of graphene spirals. The molecular dynamics simulation method was used to investigate the mechanical properties including the stress–strain and force–strain diagrams under tensile tests as well as the fracture characteristics of the single- and double-layer graphene spirals. The adaptive intermolecular reactive empirical bond order potential was employed to model the covalent bonds and van der Waals interactions between the carbon atoms. Also, in the last section of the paper, the mechanical behavior of the spirals is scrutinized with respect to nitrogen and boron doping with various percentages and the Young’s moduli of the graphene spirals are presented as the functions of size and doping ratios according to the stress–strain diagrams. The results reveal three major deformation phases namely, elastic due to the van der Waals interactions, elastic due to the covalent bonds, and inelastic regimes. According to the results, the graphene spirals have superelastic characteristics in the range of 2000–3000% strains and very high strength values depending on the nanostructure size.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Sistani et al., Electrical characterization and examination of temperature-induced degradation of metastable Ge 0.81 Sn 0.19 nanowires. Nanoscale 10, 19443–19449 (2018)
W. Lu, C.M. Lieber, Nanoelectronics from the bottom up. Nat. Mater. 6(11), 841 (2007)
O. Lupan et al., Ultra-sensitive and selective hydrogen nanosensor with fast response at room temperature based on a single Pd/ZnO nanowire. Sens. Actuators B: Chem 254, 1259–1270 (2018)
J. Dong et al., Analysis of multiplexed nanosensor arrays based on near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 12(4), 3769–3779 (2018)
W. Chen et al., Nanocellulose: a promising nanomaterial for advanced electrochemical energy storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(8), 2837–2872 (2018)
M. Autore, Boron nitride nanoresonators for phonon-enhanced molecular vibrational spectroscopy at the strong coupling limit. Light: Sci. Appl. 7(4), 17172 (2018)
M. LaHaye, Investigations and potential applications of qubit-nanoresonator-cavity interactions in a superconducting quantum electromechanical system. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. (APS Meeting) (2018) abstract id. C33.009
V. Guerra et al., 2D boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) prepared by high-pressure homogenisation: structure and morphology. Nanoscale 10, 19469–19477 (2018)
Y. Lin, J.W. Connell, Advances in 2D boron nitride nanostructures: nanosheets, nanoribbons, nanomeshes, and hybrids with graphene. Nanoscale 4(22), 6908–6939 (2012)
G. Mittal et al., A review on carbon nanotubes and graphene as fillers in reinforced polymer nanocomposites. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, 11–25 (2015)
F. Avilés et al., A comparative study on the mechanical, electrical and piezoresistive properties of polymer composites using carbon nanostructures of different topology. Eur. Polym. J. 99, 394–402 (2018)
L.H. Peebles, Carbon Fibers: Formation, Structure, and Properties (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2018)
B. Kuang et al., Chemical reduction dependent dielectric properties and dielectric loss mechanism of reduced graphene oxide. Carbon 127, 209–217 (2018)
S. Dai et al., Self-healing conductive and stretchable aligned carbon nanotube/hydrogel composite with a sandwich structure. Nanoscale 10, 19360–19366 (2018)
C.-J. Park et al., Self-encapsulated porous Sb-C nanocomposite anode with excellent Na-ion storage performance. Nanoscale 10, 19399–19408 (2018)
M. Topsakal, S. Ciraci, Elastic and plastic deformation of graphene, silicene, and boron nitride honeycomb nanoribbons under uniaxial tension: a first-principles density-functional theory study. Phys. Rev. B 81(2), 024107 (2010)
I. Frank et al., Mechanical properties of suspended graphene sheets. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B: Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. Process. Meas. Phenom. 25(6), 2558–2561 (2007)
C. Lee et al., Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887), 385–388 (2008)
H. Zhao, K. Min, N. Aluru, Size and chirality dependent elastic properties of graphene nanoribbons under uniaxial tension. Nano Lett. 9(8), 3012–3015 (2009)
Y. Cui et al., High performance electronic devices based on nanofibers via crosslinking welding process. Nanoscale 10, 19427–19434 (2018)
S. Ma et al., Modulating band gap of C 4 NP-h2D crystal nanoribbons and nanotubes under elastic strain. RSC Adv. 7(65), 41084–41090 (2017)
D. Grossman, E. Sharon, H. Diamant. Elasticity and fluctuations of incompatible nanoribbons, in APS Meeting Abstracts (2017)
V.N. Borysiuk, V.N. Mochalin, Y. Gogotsi, Bending rigidity of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) nanoribbons: A molecular dynamics study. Comput. Mater. Sci. 143, 418–424 (2018)
V.M. Krishna et al., Large-scale synthesis of coiled-like shaped carbon nanotubes using bi-metal catalyst. Appl. Nanosci. 8(1–2), 105–113 (2018)
V.M. Krishna, T. Somanathan, E. Manikandan, Low temperature synthesis of coiled carbon nanotubes and their magnetic properties, in AIP Conference Proceedings (AIP Publishing, 2018)
K.M. Jawed et al., Patterns of carbon nanotubes by flow-directed deposition on substrates with architectured topographies. Nano Lett. 18(3), 1660–1667 (2018)
F. Meng et al., High-purity helical carbon nanotubes by trace-water-assisted chemical vapor deposition: large-scale synthesis and growth mechanism. Nano Res. 11(6), 3327–3339 (2018)
H. Hou et al., Large-scale synthesis and characterization of helically coiled carbon nanotubes by use of Fe(CO)5 as floating catalyst precursor. Chem. Mater. 15(16), 3170–3175 (2003)
A. Volodin et al., Imaging the elastic properties of coiled carbon nanotubes with atomic force microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(15), 3342 (2000)
V. Scheffer, R. Thevamaran, V. Coluci, Compressive response and deformation mechanisms of vertically aligned helical carbon nanotube forests. Appl. Phys. Lett. 112(2), 021902 (2018)
P. Wang et al., Twist induced plasticity and failure mechanism of helical carbon nanotube fibers under different strain rates. Int. J. Plast 110, 74–94 (2018)
J. Wu et al., Giant stretchability and reversibility of tightly wound helical carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(37), 13775–13785 (2013)
S.-P. Ju et al., A molecular dynamics study of the mechanical properties of a double-walled carbon nanocoil. Comput. Mater. Sci. 82, 92–99 (2014)
J. Wu et al., Nanotube-chirality-controlled tensile characteristics in coiled carbon metastructures. Carbon 133, 335–349 (2018)
A. Shekhawat, R.O. Ritchie, Toughness and strength of nanocrystalline graphene. Nat. Commun. 7, 10546 (2016)
Y. Wei et al., The nature of strength enhancement and weakening by pentagon–heptagon defects in graphene. Nat. Mater. 11(9), 759 (2012)
I.R. Storch et al., Young’s modulus and thermal expansion of tensioned graphene membranes. Phys. Rev. B 98(8), 085408 (2018)
Y. Nakakuki et al., Hexa-peri-hexabenzo [7] helicene: homogeneously π-extended helicene as a primary substructure of helically twisted chiral graphenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140(12), 4317–4326 (2018)
L. Zhang et al., Three-dimensional spirals of atomic layered MoS2. Nano Lett. 14(11), 6418–6423 (2014)
T.H. Ly et al., Vertically conductive MoS2 spiral pyramid. Adv. Mater. 28(35), 7723–7728 (2016)
L. Chen et al., Screw-dislocation-driven growth of two-dimensional few-layer and pyramid-like WSe2 by sulfur-assisted chemical vapor deposition. ACS Nano 8(11), 11543–11551 (2014)
J. Wu et al., Spiral growth of SnSe2 crystals by chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 3(16), 1600383 (2016)
X. Fan et al., Controllable growth and formation mechanisms of dislocated WS2 spirals. Nano Lett. 18(6), 3885–3892 (2018)
F. Xu et al., Riemann surfaces of carbon as graphene nanosolenoids. Nano Lett. 16(1), 34–39 (2015)
T. Korhonen, P. Koskinen, Electromechanics of graphene spirals. AIP Adv. 4(12), 127125 (2014)
S.M. Avdoshenko et al., Topological signatures in the electronic structure of graphene spirals. Sci. Rep. 3, 1632 (2013)
S.J. Stuart, A.B. Tutein, J.A. Harrison, A reactive potential for hydrocarbons with intermolecular interactions. J. Chem. Phys. 112(14), 6472–6486 (2000)
F. Zhang, J.J.M.R.E. Zhou, Molecular dynamics study of copper nanosprings with/without twin boundary structures. Mater Res Express 6(3), 035032 (2018)
J. Wu et al., Nanohinge-induced plasticity of helical carbon nanotubes. Small 9(21), 3561–3566 (2013)
O. Shenderova et al., Atomistic modeling of the fracture of polycrystalline diamond. Phys. Rev. B 61(6), 3877 (2000)
J.J.P.R.B. Tersoff, Modeling solid-state chemistry: interatomic potentials for multicomponent systems. Phys. Rev. B. 39(8), 5566 (1989)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Norouzi, S., Fakhrabadi, M.M.S. Nanomechanical properties of single- and double-layer graphene spirals: a molecular dynamics simulation. Appl. Phys. A 125, 321 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-2623-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-2623-8