Abstract
The speciose scarinine clade of coral reef parrotfishes display significant variation in trophic cranial morphology, yet are often described as generalist herbivores. The hypothesis that many parrotfishes target micro-photoautotrophs is a new framework within which to clarify parrotfish diets. Here, we investigate the dietary targets of Scarus rubroviolaceus using the feeding substrata extraction method and then compare the results to fourteen other syntopic parrotfish species. Scarus rubroviolaceus were followed on snorkel until repeated biting was observed. A 22 mm × 20 mm core was extracted around the bite. We identified and quantified the bite core biota by scraping the top 1 mm from bite cores for microscopy and 16S/18S small subunit rRNA metabarcoding. Filamentous cyanobacteria density on S. rubroviolaceus bite cores did not differ from the other fourteen parrotfish species, Calothrix (Nostocales) being the most frequently observed filamentous cyanobacteria for all fifteen parrotfish species. The 18S metabarcoding analysis detected the encrusting, endolithic sponge taxon Clionaida in the S. rubroviolaceus bite cores. We investigated the possibility of spongivory across all fifteen parrotfish species including an analysis of sponge-associated microbiota detected on the bite cores. This revealed a new axis of trophic partitioning with varying levels of spongivory amongst the fifteen Indo-Pacific parrotfish species. The bite cores of Cetoscarus ocellatus, Chlorurus spilurus, Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus frenatus and S. rubroviolaceus particularly indicated spongivory. Our findings develop our understanding of parrotfish diet and provide further evidence that parrotfishes are specialized feeders and partition benthic trophic resources.
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The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary material. Raw data are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank: Anne Hoggett and Lyle Vail at the Lizard Island Research Station, Paul Kench for help developing our coring technique and advice on coral reef taphonomy, Adrian Turner for assistance with microscopy and Howard Choat for ongoing support. Great thanks to Judy Sutherland and Wendy Nelson for advice on DNA extraction techniques for crustose coralline algae. Also thanks to Alessandro Pisaniello for practical guidance on DNA extraction and to Viv Ward for her clipart. We acknowledge the use of New Zealand eScience Infrastructure (NeSI) high performance computing facilities.
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Funding was provided by the University of Auckland School of Biological Sciences Performance Based Research Fund and University of Auckland Doctoral Scholarship.
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Both authors contributed to the study conception, design and fieldwork. G.M.N carried out the laboratory work, bioinformatics and analysis and led the writing of the manuscript. K.D.C. critically reviewed the versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Reef sampling was conducted under the Lizard Island Research Permit granted by Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA; permit no. G14/36625.1). Fish were observed in their natural habitat and no fish were killed or injured during data collection for this study.
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Nicholson, G.M., Clements, K.D. A role for encrusting, endolithic sponges in the feeding of the parrotfish Scarus rubroviolaceus? Evidence of further trophic diversification in Indo-Pacific Scarini. Coral Reefs (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02482-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02482-z