Abstract
Coral reef productivity depends on nutrient supply, mediated partly by enzymatic breakdown of organic matter. Alkaline phosphatases hydrolyse phosphomonoesters and are one of the key enzymes involved in marine phosphorus cycling. They are expressed by many marine organisms including planktonic microbes and metazoans such as corals, often in response to phosphate limitation, and are potentially important for coral P nutrition and reef biogeochemical cycling. However, most alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) data are from open-ocean environments, and the rates and drivers of APA in coastal waters are not well understood. Here, we measured both bulk seawater APA and the extracellular APA of three coral species at reefs in Singapore, where the monsoonal ocean current reversal creates strong seasonal changes in dissolved nutrient availability. Seawater APA was always measurable, averaging 9 ± 10 nmol l−1 h−1, but was not correlated with dissolved phosphate or other biogeochemical parameters. Experimental phosphate addition did not reduce seawater APA but addition of labile organic carbon increased seawater APA, indicating that seawater APA was driven by heterotrophic activity rather than phosphate stress. Coral APA ranged from 12 to 163 µmol m−2 h−1 depending on species, which was equivalent to the seawater APA in several metres of the overlying water column. While most coral APA was associated with the coral holobiont rather than the coral mucus, the mucus release added 13–56 µmol m−2 h−1 of APA into the water column, suggesting that corals can potentially contribute significantly to seawater APA.
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Acknowledgements
We are indebted to Chen Shuang, Kristy Yi Wen Chang, Yongli Zhou, Kyle M. Morgan, Ashleen Tan Su Ying, Ong Wei Sern and David Mah for their contributions to the field and laboratory work. We thank Francis Yeo and the crew of Dolphin Explorer for help with field work. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for constructive criticism that improved the manuscript. This research was funded by grants MSRDP-P11 and MSRDP-P32 from the Singapore National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, under the Marine Science Research and Development Program, and by the Singapore Ministry of Education through Academic Research Fund Tier 2 grant MOE-MOET2EP10121-0007. M.A.M. acknowledges support from the Simons Foundation (Award Number 824763). We thank the National Parks Board, Singapore, for permission to conduct the research under permit NP/PR17-044a. Data and codes are archived in the Nanyang Technological University Singapore data repository (https://doi.org/10.21979/N9/YBLFEE).
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Nichols, R.S., Moynihan, M.A. & Martin, P. Alkaline phosphatase activity in an equatorial coral reef ecosystem unrelated to seasonal nutrient dynamics. Coral Reefs 42, 827–843 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02383-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02383-7