Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The chemical synthesis and characterizations of silver-doped polyaniline: role of silver–solvent interactions

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, we successfully synthesized silver-doped polyaniline (NPANI-Ag-X; X represents I− and BF4− dopants,) by using chemical oxidation polymerization in various solvent media, which are deionized water, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and acetone to give new features into polyaniline (PANI). Then, the solvent effects on the formation of NPANI-Ag-X were investigated. Most of the solvents used in the syntheses show ligand properties and form complexes with metal ions. According to their stability, these complexes can inhibit the reactions of metal ions. Polymer samples were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractions, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometer, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometers, thermal analysis (TGA, DTA) and electrical conductivity measurements. The experimental results obtained show that some properties such as crystallinity, conductivity, metal contents and surface area of PANI polymers have changed with the addition of silver to the polymer. Studies have also shown that these properties can be controlled by the exchange of metal ions and solution media. It was observed that the solvents were effective in adding metal to the polymer and the amount of metal in the synthesized polymers varied depending on the solvent used.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Scheme 1
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Machida S, Miyata S, Techagumpuch A (1989) Chemical synthesis of highly electrically conductive polypyrrole. Synth Met 31(3):311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(89)90798-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rapi S, Bocchi V, Gardini GP (1988) Conducting polypyrrole by chemical synthesis in water. Synth Met 24(3):217–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(88)90259-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dubitsky YA, Zhubanov BA, Maresch GG (1991) Synthesis of polypyrroles in the presence of ferric tetrafluoro-borate. Synth Met 41(1–2):373–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91085-O

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Neoh KG, Tan TC, Kang ET (1988) Chemical synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole chlorine complex. Polymer 29(3):553–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(88)90377-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kobayashi M, Chen J, Chung TC, Moraes F, Heeger AJ, Wudl F (1984) Synthesis and properties of chemically coupled poly(thiophene). Synth Met 9(1):77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(84)90044-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Karim MR, Yeum JH, Lee MS, Lim KT (2008) Preparation of conducting polyaniline/TiO2 composite submicron-rods by the gamma-radiolysis oxidative polymerization method. React Funct Polym 68(9):1371–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.06.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Stejskal J, Gilbert RG (2002) Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem 74(5):857–867. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gu HB, Wei HG, Guo J, Haldolaarachige N, Young DP, Wei SY, Guo ZH (2013) Hexavalent chromium synthesized polyaniline nanostructures: magnetoresistance and electrochemical energy storage behaviors. Polymer 54(21):5974–5985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhang X, Zhu JH, Haldolaarachchige N, Ryu J, Young DP, Wei SY, Guo ZH (2012) Synthetic process engineered polyaniline nanostructures with tunable morphology and physical properties. Polymer 53(10):2109–2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhu JH, Chen MJ, Qu HL, Zhang X, Wei HG, Luo ZP, Colorado HA, Wei SY, Guo ZH (2012) Interfacial polymerized polyaniline/graphite oxide nanocomposites toward electrochemical energy storage. Polymer 53(25):5953–5964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.10.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wei HG, Gu HB, Guo J, Wei SY, Guo ZH (2013) Electropolymerized polyaniline nanocomposites from multi-walled carbon nanotubes with tuned surface functionalities for electrochemical energy storage. J Electrochem Soc 160(7):G3038–G3045. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.006307jes

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Qu HL, Wei SY, Guo ZH (2013) Coaxial electrospun nanostructures and their applications. J Mater Chem A 1(38):11513–11528. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta12390a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wei HG, Zhu JH, Wu SJ, Wei SY, Guo ZH (2013) Electrochromic polyaniline/graphite oxide nanocomposites with endured electrochemical energy storage. Polymer 54(7):1820–1831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. He BL, Dong B, Wang W, Li HL (2009) Performance of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites as cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. Mater Chem Phys 114(1):371–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.09.035

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Amado FDR, Rodrigues MAS, Bertuol DA, Bernardes AM, Ferreira JZ, Ferreira CA (2009) The effect of production method on the properties of high impact polystyrene and polyaniline membranes. J Membr Sci 330(1–2):227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.12.065

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Loh XX, Sairam M, Bismarck A, Steinke JHG, Livingston AG, Li K (2009) Crosslinked integrally skinned asymmetric polyaniline membranes for use in organic solvents. J Membr Sci 326(2):635–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.10.045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sairam M, Loh XX, Li K, Bismarck A, Steinke JHG, Livingston AG (2009) Nanoporous asymmetric polyaniline films for filtration of organic solvents. J Membr Sci 330(1–2):166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.12.067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Abshinova MA, Kazantseva NE, Saha P, Sapurina I, Kovarova J, Stejskal J (2008) The enhancement of the oxidation resistance of carbonyl iron by polyaniline coating and consequent changes in electromagnetic properties. Polym Degrad Stabil 93(10):1826–1831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.07.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gustavsson JM, Innis PC, He J, Wallace GG, Tallman DE (2009) Processable polyaniline-HCSA/poly(vinyl acetate-co-butyl acrylate) corrosion protection coatings for aluminium alloy 2024-T3: a SVET and Raman study. Electrochim Acta 54(5):1483–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.09.043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Radhakrishnan S, Sonawane N, Siju CR (2009) Epoxy powder coatings containing polyaniline for enhanced corrosion protection. Prog Org Coat 64(4):383–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pargcoat.2008.07.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Erokhin V, Berzina T, Fontana MP (2005) Hybrid electronic device based on polyaniline–polyethyleneoxide junction. J Appl Phys 97(6):064501. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1861508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Crowley K, Morrin A, Hernandez A, O’Malley E, Whitten PG, Wallace GG, Smyth MR, Killard AJ (2008) Fabrication of an ammonia gas sensor using inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticles. Talanta 77(2):710–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.07.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yu XF, Li YX, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2009) Synthesis and electrochemical properties of template-based polyaniline nanowires and template-free nanofibril arrays: two potential nanostructures for gas sensors. Sens Actuat B Chem 136(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.10.068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Airoudj A, Debarnot D, Beche B, Poncin-Epaillard F (2009) Development of an optical ammonia sensor based on polyaniline/epoxy resin (SU-8) composite. Talanta 77(5):1590–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.09.054

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ismail YA, Shin SR, Shin KM, Yoon SG, Shon K, Kim SI, Kim SJ (2008) Electrochemical actuation in chitosan/polyaniline microfibers for artificial muscles fabricated using an in situ polymerization. Sens Actuat B Chem 129(2):834–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.09.083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Peng H, Zhang LJ, Soeller C, Travas-Sejdic J (2009) Conducting polymers for electrochemical DNA sensing. Biomaterials 30(11):2132–2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.065

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tiwari A, Gong SQ (2009) Electrochemical detection of a breast cancer susceptible gene using cDNA immobilized chitosan-co-polyaniline electrode. Talanta 77(3):1217–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.08.029

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cataldo F, Maltese P (2002) Synthesis of alkyl and N-alkyl-substituted polyanilines: a study on their spectral properties and thermal stability. Eur Polym J 38(9):1791–1803

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sari B, Gok A, Sahin D (2006) Synthesis and properties of conducting polypyrrole, polyalkylanilines, and composites of polypyrrole and poly(2-ethylaniline). J Appl Polym Sci 101(1):241–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.23247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yang XJ, Tong Z, Yu YZ, Yen W (2004) Synthesis of conductive polyaniline/epoxy resin composites: doping of the interpenetrating network. Synth Met 142(1–3):57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2003.07.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Chipara M, Hui D, Notingher PV, Chipara MD, Lau KT, Sankar J, Panaitescu D (2003) On polyethylene-polyaniline composites. Compos Part B Eng 34(7):637–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(03)00045-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mirmohseni A, Wallace GG (2003) Preparation and characterization of processable electroactive polyaniline–polyvinyl alcohol composite. Polymer 44(12):3523–3528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00242-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gupta RK, Singh RA (2004) Electrical properties of junction between aluminium and poly (aniline)–poly(vinyl chloride) composite. Mater Chem Phys 86(2–3):279–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.03.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mo ZL, Zhao ZL, Chen H, Niu GP, Shi HF (2009) Heterogeneous preparation of cellulose–polyaniline conductive composites with cellulose activated by acids and its electrical properties. Carbohyd Polym 75(4):660–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Xu JC, Liu WM, Li HL (2005) Titanium dioxide doped polyaniline. Mat Sci Eng C Biol Sect 25(4):444–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2004.11.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dhawale DS, Salunkhe RR, Patil UM, Gurav KV, More AM, Lokhande CD (2008) Room temperature liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor based on p-polyaniline/n-TiO2 heterojunction. Sens Actuat B Chem 134(2):988–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.07.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Nabid MR, Golbabaee M, Moghaddam AB, Dinarvand R, Sedghi R (2008) Polyaniline/TiO2 nanocomposite: enzymatic synthesis and electrochemical properties. Int J Electrochem Sci 3(10):1117–1126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Choudhury A (2009) Polyaniline/silver nanocomposites: dielectric properties and ethanol vapour sensitivity. Sens Actuat B Chem 138(1):318–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.01.019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gupta K, Jana PC, Meikap AK, Nath TK (2010) Synthesis of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and polyaniline nanocomposite with its electrical and magneto-transport properties. J Appl Phys 107(7):073704. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3360933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Virji S, Huang JX, Kaner RB, Weiller BH (2004) Polyaniline nanofiber gas sensors: examination of response mechanisms. Nano Lett 4(3):491–496. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl035122e

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dimitriev OP (2004) Doping of polyaniline by transition metal salts: effect of metal cation on the film morphology. Synth Met 142(1–3):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2003.10.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Izumi CMS, Constantino VRL, Ferreira AMC, Temperini MLA (2006) Spectroscopic characterization of polyaniline doped with transition metal salts. Synth Met 156(9–10):654–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.12.023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Yao Y, Jiang HY, Wu JS, Gu DW, Shen LJ (2012) Synthesis of Fe3O4/polyaniline nanocomposite in reversed micelle systems and its performance characteristics. Procedia Eng 27:664–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sofiane B, Didier H, Laurent LP (2006) Synthesis and characterization of composite Hg–polyaniline powder material. Electrochim Acta 52(1):62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.073

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bouazza S, Alonzo V, Hauchard D (2009) Synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles–polyaniline composite powder material. Synth Met 159(15–16):1612–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.04.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Taş R, Gülen M, Can M, Sönmezoğlu S (2016) Effects of solvent and copper-doping on polyaniline conducting polymer and its application as a counter electrode for efficient and cost-effective dye-sensitized solar cells. Synthetic Met 212:75–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tang JS, Jing XB, Wang BC, Wang FS (1988) Infrared-spectra of soluble polyaniline. Synth Met 24(3):231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(88)90261-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ping Z, Nauer GE, Neugebauer H, Theiner J (1997) In situ Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopic investigations on the base-acid transitions of different forms of polyaniline. Base-acid transition in the leucoemeraldine form. J Electroanal Chem 420(1–2):301–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04801-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ping Z, Nauer GE, Neugebauer H, Theiner J, Neckel A (1997) Protonation and electrochemical redox doping processes of polyaniline in aqueous solutions: investigations using in situ FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and a new doping system. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 93(1):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1039/a604620g

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang SX, Tan ZC, Li YS, Sun LX, Zhang T (2006) Synthesis, characterization and thermal analysis of polyaniline/ZrO2 composites. Thermochim Acta 441(2):191–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.05.020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Asik NS, Tas R, Sonmezoglu S, Can M, Cankaya G (2010) Monomer effect on stability, electrical conductivity and combination of aniline–indole copolymer synthesized with H5IO6. J Non-Cryst Solids 356(35–36):1848–1853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.06.020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey

    Recep Taş

  2. Department of Chemistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey

    Muzaffer Can

  3. Department of Chemistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey

    Hayati Sarı

Authors
  1. Recep Taş
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muzaffer Can
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hayati Sarı
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Recep Taş.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Taş, R., Can, M. & Sarı, H. The chemical synthesis and characterizations of silver-doped polyaniline: role of silver–solvent interactions. Polym. Bull. 77, 1913–1928 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02833-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02833-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation