Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize eugenol-loaded oligochitosan nanoparticles (Eu/Oc) via sol–gel and emulsion/sol–gel methods using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross-linking agent. The effect of different parameters on the particle size of nanoparticles was investigated. Purified oligochitosan (Oc) was first characterized by FT-IR and TGA methods. The increase in TPP concentration, Oc concentration, the mass ratio of Oc to TPP, and diameter of the reactor resulted in larger particles while increasing the stirring rate decreased the particle size down to a minimum level. The rate of the addition of TPP solution showed no significant effect on the particle size. The yield of nanoparticle formation was calculated as 52 ± 3%. The stability of the dispersion containing the produced nanoparticles was also investigated. The optimum particle size and the loading yield of eugenol in nanoparticles were calculated as 270 ± 45 nm and 10%, respectively. In emulsion method, emulsifier and cross-linker concentration play important roles in nanoparticles’ size and should be optimized. The results showed that particle size increases at concentrations lower and higher than the optimum value. The optimum particle size in this method was obtained as 123 ± 23 nm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Woranuch S, Yoksan R (2012) Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: I. Thermal stability improvement of Eugenol through encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 96(2):578–585
Hosseini SF, Zandi M, Rezaei M, Farahmandghavi F (2013) Two-step method for encapsulation of oregano essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and in vitro release study. Carbohydr Polym 95(1):50–56
Arunkumar R, Prashanth KVH, Baskaran V (2013) Promising interaction between nano-encapsulated lutein with low molecular weight chitosan: characterization and bioavailability of lutein in vitro. Food Chem 141(1):327–337
Agnihotri SA, Mallikarjuna NN, Aminabhavi TM (2004) Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery. J Control Releas 100(1):5–28
Santander-Ortega MJ, Peula-Garcíac JM, Goycooleab FM, Ortega-Vinuesad JL (2011) Chitosan nano-capsules: effect of chitosan molecular weight and acetylation degree on electrokinetic behaviour and colloidal stability. Colloids Surf B 82(2):571–580
Huang X, Du Y, Yuan H, Hu Fu (2009) Preparation and pharmacodynamics of low-molecular-weight chitosan nanoparticles containing insulin. Carbohydr Polym 76(3):368–373
Fan W, Yan W, Xu Z, Ni H (2012) Erythrocytes load of low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles as a potential vascular drug delivery system. Colloids Surf B 95:258–265
Fan W, Yan W, Xu Z, Ni H (2012) Formation mechanism of mono-disperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique. Colloids Surf B 90:21–27
Yoksan R, Jirawutthiwongchai J, Arpo K (2010) Encapsulation of ascorbyl palmitate in chitosan nanoparticles by oil-in-water emulsion and ionic gelation processes. Colloids Surf B 76(1):292–297
Calvo P, Remuñán-López C, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ (1997) Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. J Appl Polym Sci 63:125–132
Katas H, Alpar HO (2006) Development and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. J Control Releas 115(2):216–225
Shu XZ, Zhu KJ (2000) A novel approach to prepare tripolyphosphate/chitosan complex beads for controlled release drug delivery. Int J Pharm 201(1):51–58
Hu B, Pan C, Sun Y, Hou Z, Ye H, Zeng X (2008) Optimization of fabrication parameters to produce chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for delivery of tea catechins. J Agric Food Chem 56(16):7451–7458
Mora-Huertas CE, Fessi H, Elaissari A (2010) Polymer-based nano-capsules for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 385(1–2):113–142
Nam JP, Park SC, Kim TH, Jang JY, Choi C, Jang MK, Nah JW (2013) Encapsulation of paclitaxel into lauric acid-O-carboxymethyl chitosan-transferrin micelles for hydrophobic drug delivery and site-specific targeted delivery. Int J Pharm 457(1):124–135
Oh DH, Balakrishnan P, Oh YK, Kim DD, Yong CS, Choi HG (2011) Effect of process parameters on nano-emulsion droplet size and distribution in SPG membrane emulsification. Int J Pharm 404(1–2):191–197
Feng J, Zeng Y, Ma C, Cai X, Zhang Q, Tong M, Yu B, Xu P (2006) The surfactant tween 80 enhances biodesulfurization. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(11):7390–7393
Wan A, Yan S, LiGa HuiliLi (2009) Preparation of aspirin and probucol in combination loaded chitosan nanoparticles and in vitro release study. Carbohydr Polym 75(4):566–574
Woranuch S, Yoksan R (2013) Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: I. Thermal stability improvement of Eugenol through encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 96(2):578–585
Woranuch S, Yoksan R (2013) Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: II. Application in bio-based plastics for active packaging. Carbohydr Polym 96(2):586–592
Kumar ABV, Varadaraj MC, Gowda LR, Tharanathan RN (2007) Low molecular weight chitosans preparation with the aid of pronase, characterization and their bactericidal activity towards Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta 1770(4):495–505
Gan Q, Wang T, Cochrane C, McCarron P (2005) Modulation of surface charge, particle size and morphological properties of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles intended for gene delivery. Colloids Surf B 44(2–3):65–73
Bagheri S, Chandrappa KG, Bee Abd Hamid S (2013) Generation of hematite nanoparticles via sol–Gel method. Res J Chem Sci 3(7):62–68
Akhtar F, Rizvi MM, Kar SK (2012) Oral delivery of curcumin bound to chitosan nanoparticles cured Plasmodium yoelii infected mice. Biotechnol Adv 30(1):310–320
Mukherjee K, Moulik SP, Mukherjee DC (1993) Thermodynamics of micellization of aerosol OT in polar and nonpolar solvents. A calorimetric study. Langmuir 9(7):1727–1730
Zhu L, Ma J, Jia N, Zhao Y, Shen H (2009) Chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles as carriers of 5-fluorouracil: preparation, characterization and cytotoxicity studies. Colloids Surf B 68(1):1–6
Gamelin FX, Baquet G, Berthoin S, Thevenet D, Nourry C, Nottin S, Bosquet L (2009) Effect of high intensity intermittent training on heart rate variability in prepubescent children. Eur J Appl Physiol 105:731–738
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shahriari, M.H., Atai, M., Zandi, M. et al. Preparation and characterization of eugenol-loaded oligochitosan nanoparticles through sol–gel and emulsion/sol–gel methods. Polym. Bull. 75, 3035–3051 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2196-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2196-7