Abstract
In this paper, we report the preparation and characterisation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) using a C 3-symmetric Zr (IV) amine tris(phenolate) alkoxide initiator. Although the zirconium alkoxide initiator is slower than the most commonly used Sn(Oct)2, relatively high molecular weights were obtained at a temperature of 130 °C, for a monomer to initiator ratio of 1000/1 (24 h) and 5000/1 (48 h). The degree of racemisation also depends on the initiator used. The reactions performed with the zirconium initiator showed a higher degree of racemisation when compared to those performed with Sn(Oct)2. A slight increase in the racemisation with time was also observed. The effects of gamma radiation on PLGA were also studied. Doses commonly applied to sterilise materials for biomedical applications were employed—10, 18, 25 and 50 kGy. The molecular weight of all samples irradiated decreased in a dose-dependent fashion—up to 56 % loss for 10 kGy and 72 % for 50 kGy—but were less pronounced for higher doses. Changes in thermal properties, such as melting point, glass transition temperature and enthalpy of crystallisation and fusion, were also observed after irradiation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014) World cancer factsheet. http://publications.cancerresearchuk.org/downloads/product/cs_report_world.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2015
Instituto National de Cancer (2014) Estimativa 2014—Incidência de câncer no Brasil. ISBN 978-85-7318-194-4
Jani AB, Feinstein JM, Pasciak R et al (2006) Role of external beam radiotherapy with low-dose-rate brachytherapy in treatment of prostate cancer. Urology 67:1007–1011. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.11.008
Franca CADS, Vieira SL, Bernabe AJS, Penna ABR (2007) The seven-year preliminary results of Brachytherapy with Iodine-125 seeds for localized prostate cancer treated at a Brazilian single-center. Int Braz J Urol 33:752–763. doi:10.1590/S1677-55382007000600003
Rostelato M, Rela P, Zeituni C et al (2008) Development and production of radioactive sources used for cancer treatment in Brazil. Nukleonika 53:S99–S103
Blasko JC, Grimm PD, Ragde H (1993) Brachytherapy and organ preservation in the management of carcinoma of the prostate. Semin Radiat Oncol 3:240–249. doi:10.1016/S1053-4296(05)80121-3
Varregoso J (2006) Braquiterapia Prostática. Acta Urol 23:21–30
Davis BJ, Pfeifer EA, Wilson TM et al (2000) Prostate brachytherapy seed migration to the right ventricle found at autopsy following acute cardiac dysrhythmia. J Urol 164:1661. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67061-9
Davis BJ, Bresnahan JF, Stafford SL et al (2002) Prostate brachytherapy seed migration to a coronary artery found during angiography. J Urol 168:1103. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64589-2
Goulet CC, Davis BJ, Hillman DW et al (2006) Comparison of seed migration to the chest after permanent prostate brachytherapy with loose, stranded or mixed seeds. Int J Radiat Oncol 66:S391. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.07.732
Tapen EM, Blasko JC, Grimm PD et al (1998) Reduction of radioactive seed embolization to the lung following prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol 42:1063–1067. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(98)00353-8
Peleias FS Jr, Zeituni CA, Rostelato ECM et al (2012) Comparison between the use of loose and stranded seeds in prostate brachytherapy in brazil. Open J Urol 2:206–209. doi:10.4236/oju.2012.223036
Athanasiou KA, Niederauer GG, Agrawal CM (1996) Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibility and clinical applications of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymers. Biomaterials 17:93–102
Menemşe Kiremitçi-Gümüşderelioğlu GD (1999) Synthesis, characterization and in vitro degradation of poly (dl-lactide)/poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) films. Turk J Chem 23:153–161
Middleton JC, Tipton AJ (2000) Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices. Biomaterials 21:2335–2346. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00101-0
Zhou S, Deng X, Li X et al (2004) Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable low molecular weight aliphatic polyesters and their use in protein-delivery systems. J Appl Polym Sci 91:1848–1856. doi:10.1002/app.13385
D’Avila Carvalho Erbetta C (2012) Synthesis and characterization of poly(d,l-Lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol 03:208–225. doi:10.4236/jbnb.2012.32027
Stridsberg KM, Ryner M, Albertsson A (2002) Controlled ring-opening polymerization : polymers with designed macromolecular architecture. Adv Polym Sci 157:41–67
Gentile P, Chiono V, Carmagnola I, Hatton PV (2014) An overview of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Int J Mol Sci 15:3640–3659. doi:10.3390/ijms15033640
Dechy-Cabaret O, Martin-Vaca B, Bourissou D (2004) Controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide. Chem Rev 104:6147–6176. doi:10.1021/cr040002s
Motta AC, Duek EAR (2006) Synthesis, characterization, and “in vitro” degradation of poly(l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), PLGA. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 11:340–350. doi:10.1590/S1517-70762006000300024
Auras R, Lim L-T, Selke SEM, Tsuji H (2010) Poly(lactic acid)—synthesis, structures, properties, processing and application. First. Wiley, Hoboken
Wu XS, Wang N (2001) Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation, and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid polymers. Part II: biodegradation. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 12:21–34
Nair LS, Laurencin CT (2007) Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci 32:762–798. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017
Jain RA (2000) The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices. Biomaterials 21:2475–2490. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00115-0
Schwach G, Coudane J, Engel R, Vert M (1997) More about the polymerization of lactides in the presence of stannous octoate. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem 35:3431–3440. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19971130)35:
Zhang X, MacDonald DA, Goosen MFA, McAuley KB (1994) Mechanism of lactide polymerization in the presence of stannous octoate: the effect of hydroxy and carboxylic acid substances. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem 32:2965–2970. doi:10.1002/pola.1994.080321519
Dobrzynski P, Kasperczyk J, Janeczek H, Bero M (2001) Synthesis of biodegradable copolymers with the use of low toxic zirconium compounds. 1. Copolymerization of glycolide with l-lactide Initiated by Zr(Acac)4. Macromolecules 34:5090–5098
Orchel A, Jelonek K, Kasperczyk J et al (2013) The influence of chain microstructure of biodegradable copolyesters obtained with low-toxic zirconium initiator to in vitro biocompatibility. Biomed Res Int 2013:176946. doi:10.1155/2013/176946
Dobrzynski P (2002) Synthesis of biodegradable copolymers with low-toxicity zirconium compounds. III. Synthesis and chain-microstructure analysis of terpolymer obtained from l-lactide, glycolide, and ε-caprolactone initiated by zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem 40:3129–3143. doi:10.1002/pola.10401
Tanzi MC, Verderio P, Lampugnani MG et al (1994) Cytotoxicity of some catalysts commonly used in the synthesis of copolymers for biomedical use. J Mater Sci Mater Med 5:393–396. doi:10.1007/BF00058971
Irving SN (1957) Dangerous properties of industrial materials, 8th edn. Reinhold, New York
Salánki Y, D’eri Y, Platokhin A, Rózsa KS (2000) The neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants: the effects of tin (Sn2 +) on acetylcholine-induced currents in greater pond snail neurons. Neurosci Behav Physiol 30:63–73. doi:10.1007/BF02461393
de Mattos JCP, Dantas FJS, Bezerra RJAC et al (2000) Damage induced by stannous chloride in plasmid DNA. Toxicol Lett 116:159–163. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(00)00213-7
Dobrzynski P, Kasperczyk J, Janeczek H, Bero M (2002) Synthesis of biodegradable glycolide/l-lactide copolymers using iron compounds as initiators. Polymer (Guildf) 43:2595–2601. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00079-4
Leenslag JW, Pennings AJ (1987) Synthesis of high-molecular-weight poly(l-lactide) initiated with tin 2-ethylhexanoate. Die Makromol Chemie 188:1809–1814. doi:10.1002/macp.1987.021880804
Chmura AJ, Davidson MG, Frankis CJ et al (2008) Highly active and stereoselective zirconium and hafnium alkoxide initiators for solvent-free ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide. Chem Commun. doi:10.1039/B718678A
Silindir M, Ozer Y (2012) The effect of radiation on a variety of pharmaceuticals and materials containing polymers. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 66:184–199. doi:10.5731/pdajpst.2012.00774
Bozdag S, Su H (2002) Influence of irradiation sterilization on poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres containing anti-inflammatory drugs. Farm 57:55–62
Lee JS, Chae GS, Khang G, Gu D (2003) The effect of gamma irradiation on PLGA and release behavior of BCNU from PLGA wafer. Macromol Res 11:352–356
Shahabi S, Najafi F, Majdabadi A et al (2014) Effect of gamma irradiation on structural and biological properties of a PLGA-PEG-hydroxyapatite composite. Sci World J 2014:420616. doi:10.1155/2014/420616
Jo S-Y, Park J-S, Gwon H-J et al (2012) Degradation behavior of poly (l-lactide-co-glycolide) films through gamma-ray irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem 81:846–850. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.03.013
Phong L, Han ESC, Xiong S et al (2010) Properties and hydrolysis of PLGA and PLLA cross-linked with electron beam radiation. Polym Degrad Stab 95:771–777. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.02.012
Loo SCJ, Ooi CP, Boey YCF (2005) Influence of electron-beam radiation on the hydrolytic degradation behaviour of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Biomaterials 26:3809–3817. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.014
Davidson MG, Doherty CL, Johnson AL, Mahon MF (2003) Isolation and characterisation of transition and main group metal complexes supported by hydrogen-bonded zwitterionic polyphenolic ligands. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: full synthetic and spectroscopic details. See http://www.rsc.or. Chem Commun 1832. doi:10.1039/b303618a
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2008) Trends in radiation sterilization of health care products, 1st edn. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
Carey FA, Sundberg RJ (2007) Advanced organic chemistry. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-44899-2
Hu W, Huang Z-M, Liu X-Y (2010) Development of braided drug-loaded nanofiber sutures. Nanotechnology 21:315104. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/31/315104
Kasperczyk J (1996) Microstructural analysis of poly[(l,l-lactide)-co-(glycolide)] by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Polymer 37:201–203
GrijpmA D, Nijenhuis A, Pennings A (1990) Synthesis and hydrolytic degradation behaviour of high-molecular-weight l-lactide and glycolide copolymers. Polymer 31:2201–2206. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(90)90096-H
Kricheldorf HR, Kreiser I (1987) Cationic copolymerization of glycolide with l,l-dilactide. Die Makromol Chem 188:1861–1873
Gao Q, Lan P, Shao H, Xu X (2002) Direct synthesis with melt polycondensation and microstructure analysis of poly (l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid). Polym J 34:786–793. doi:10.1295/polymj.34.786
Milicevic D, Trifunovic S, Galovic S, Suljovrujic E (2007) Thermal and crystallization behaviour of gamma irradiated PLLA. Radiat Phys Chem 76:1376–1380. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.02.035
Tahtah D, Mahlous M, Benamer S et al (2012) Effect of molecular weight on radiation chemical degradation yield of chain scission of gamma-irradiated chitosan in solid state and in aqueous solution. Radiat Phys Chem 81:659–665
Nugroho P, Mitomo H, Yoshii F, Kume T (2001) Degradation of poly (l-lactic acid) by gamma-irradiation. Polym Degrad Stab 72:1–5
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnológico” (CNPq-142434/2013-2) and the Ciência sem Fronteiras programme (200313/2014-2) for funding. We also wish to thank the Radiation Technology Centre (CTR) of the Nuclear Energy Research Institute (IPEN) for the irradiation of samples and Prof. Dr. Reinaldo Giuduci from the University of São Paulo, Chemical Engineering Department, and LSCP for his help in the preparation of l-lactide.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
dos Santos Peleias Junior, F., Jones, M.D., Zeituni, C.A. et al. Synthesis of PLGA using a C 3-symmetric Zr (IV) amine tris(phenolate) alkoxide initiator and the effects of gamma radiation on its properties. Polym. Bull. 74, 91–105 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1699-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1699-y